pH‐controlled reaction divergence of decarboxylation versus fragmentation in reactions of dihydroxyfumarate with glyoxylate and formaldehyde: parallels to biological pathways

The reactions of dihydroxyfumarate with glyoxylate and formaldehyde exhibit a unique pH‐controlled mechanistic divergence leading to different product suites by two distinct pathways. The divergent reactions proceed via a central intermediate (2,3‐dihydroxy‐oxalosuccinate, 3 , in the reaction with glyoxylate and 2‐hydroxy‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐3‐oxosuccinate, 14 , in the reaction with formaldehyde). At pH 7–8, products ( 7 , 8 , and 15 ) exclusively from a decarboxylation of the intermediate are observed, while at pH 13–14, products ( 9 , 10 , and 16 ) solely derived from a hydroxide‐promoted fragmentation of the intermediate are formed. The decarboxylative and fragmentation pathways are mutually exclusive and do not appear to coexist under the range of pH (7–14) conditions investigated. Herein, we employ a combination of quantitative ¹³C NMR measurements and density functional theory calculations to provide a rationale for this pH‐driven reaction divergence. These rationalizations also hold true for the reactions of dihydroxyfumarate produced in situ by the catalytic cyanide‐mediated dimerization of glyoxylate. In addition, the non‐enzymatic decarboxylation and fragmentation transformations of these central intermediates ( 3 and 14 ) appear to have intriguing parallels to the enzymatic reactions of oxalosuccinate and formation of glyceric acid derivatives in extant metabolism – the high and low pH mimicking the precise control exerted by the enzymes over reaction pathways. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reflection error correction of gas turbine blade temperature

Accurate measurement of gas turbine blades’ temperature is one of the greatest challenges encountered in gas turbine temperature measurements. Within an enclosed gas turbine environment with surfaces of varying temperature and low emissivities, a new challenge is introduced into the use of radiation thermometers due to the problem of reflection error. A method for correcting this error has been proposed and demonstrated in this work through computer simulation and experiment. The method assumed that emissivities of all surfaces exchanging thermal radiation are known. Simulations were carried out considering targets with low and high emissivities of 0.3 and 0.8 respectively while experimental measurements were carried out on blades with emissivity of 0.76. Simulated results showed possibility of achieving error less than 1% while experimental result corrected the error to 1.1%. It was thus concluded that the method is appropriate for correcting reflection error commonly encountered in temperature measurement of gas turbine blades.     

Non-classical correlation of the two emission fields by a four-level atomic ensemble

The normalized second-order correlation of the emission fields from a driven four-level atomic ensemble is investigated theoretically by using the state vector method. The violation of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, which indicates the establishment of non-classical correlation between two emission fields, has been found. The effects of various decays and time delay on the correlation are discussed in detail, which are helpful in finding the ways to obtain high non-classical correlation. This technique for the generation of non-classical light is operable based on the current experimental technology and will lead to some potential applications in quantum information science.     

Three dimensional accurate morphology measurements of polystyrene standard particles on silicon substrate by electron tomography

Polystyrene latex (PSL) nanoparticle (NP) sample is one of the most widely used standard materials. It is used for calibration of particle counters and particle size measurement tools. It has been reported that the measured NP sizes by various methods, such as Differential Mobility Analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), differ from each other. Deformation of PSL NPs on mica substrate has been reported in AFM measurements: the lateral width of PSL NPs is smaller than their vertical height. To provide a reliable calibration standard, the deformation must be measured by a method that can reliably visualize the entire three dimensional (3D) shape of the PSL NPs. Here we present a method for detailed measurement of PSL NP 3D shape by means of electron tomography in a transmission electron microscope. The observed shape of the PSL NPs with 100 nm and 50 nm diameter were not spherical, but squished in direction perpendicular to the support substrate by about 7.4% and 12.1%, respectively. The high difference in surface energy of the PSL NPs and that of substrate together with their low Young modulus appear to explain the squishing of the NPs without presence of water film.     

两种发电机励磁系统远程监测与控制方法研究

同步发电机励磁控制系统的监控是保证发电机良好运行的重要部分,远程监控技术能够有效的对发电机励磁控制系统进行监控,并为励磁控制系统维护人员提供方便.因此针对同步发电机励磁控制系统的典型监测和控制功能,给出了两种发电机励磁系统远程监控方法,首先基于AJAX技术,给出了一种基于web的励磁控制系统远程监测方法,所设计的监测系统能够在局域网或internet网络环境下,使用计算机或智能手机的浏览器进行励磁控制系统的监测,实际测试表明该方法是可行的.之后,为能实现励磁控制系统的远程实时控制,并解决internet网络环境下实时数据传输不稳定的情况,给出了一种基于TCP/IP和VPN技术的励磁控制系统远程监控方法,测试表明该方法能够实现励磁控制系统的实时监测和控制.     

基于自适应模糊控制的节能装置研究

针对凹版印刷干燥设备,设计节能装置,该装置利用压缩机换热原理,对余热进行再循环利用。设计自适应模糊PID节能控制系统,完成对压缩机,调功器,变频器的实时控制。利用组态软件完成系统界面设计,人机交互简洁,操作方便。控制算法采用自适应模糊PID控制,依靠数据信息来调整模糊逻辑系统的参数,通过在线计算得到最佳控制器参数,抑制不确定性对系统的影响。将节能装置应用到凹版印刷机,实验数据显示,系统耗能减少,效率得到提高,达到节能目的,证明了节能系统的有效性,具有较强的应用价值。     

一种牧场配料系统的设计与实现

提出了一种应用于移动Ad Hoc网络的分布式资源接纳控制机制,在目的节点和中间节点部署不同的资源接纳控制模块,能以接近通话或者分组传输的时间间隔适应网络的动态变化,为业务提供较好的QoS保障,并且能够支持多播及接收者异质性。仿真结果表明,添加资源接纳控制机制后,时延、抖动及丢包率分别降低了25.75%,51.76%和24.15%。     

高压直流断路器测控装置的设计与试验分析

直流输(配)电是目前电网发展的趋势,而高压直流断路器的研发是影响其发展的关键技术之一。测量与控制装置的研究是高压直流断路器的研发要点。采用高压电力电子器件,DSP+FPGA相结合的控制方式,对其测控装置进行研究分析,提出了区间阈值的控制方法及相应的控制时序,从高压直流输电、能源多样化的发展需求入手,将机械开关和固态开光相结合,设计了一套混合式高压直流断路器样机。通过对样机进行合分闸试验及故障分闸试验,证明了所研制的高压直流断路器样机具有分闸动作快,限弧能力强,动作一致性好等优点。     

OPC技术在设备监控系统中的应用

本文主要从0PC技术的定义和对象方面展开,在对OPC技术进行简要介绍的基础上,探讨了0PC服务器与OPC客户端的通信实现,结合实际,着重介绍其在某个iFIX监控平台中的应用。实践结果证明：将OPC技术应用在iFIX监控平台中,可以很好的实现软硬件的兼容,有利于减少软硬件的重复开发,大大的节省了人力、物力,满足了实际需求。