电路二等分问题的一个强化半定松驰模型

由于电路二等分问题在超大规模集成电路 (VLSI)设计中的基础地位 ,电路二等分半定松驰问题一直引人关注 .能否找到更好的半定规划模型 ,使其为电路二等分问题提供一个更好的下界 ,成为一个重要的研究方向 ;本文在已有半定规划松驰模型的基础上 ,通过增加非线性约束 ,得出电路二等分问题的等价模型 ,再利用提升技巧 ,得到一个强化半定规划松驰模型 .理论证明该模型给出了原有问题的一个更好的下界 ,数值实验也说明了这一点 .     

固-液金属界面上金属间化合物的非平衡生长

钎焊过程是一些液态的低熔点金属合金（钎料）与过渡金属（引线）在钎焊温度下相互作用,冷却后形成电路接头的过程[1],其间,金属间化合物生长和存在的特征,极大地影响钎焊接头的强度,抗蠕变性,抗腐蚀性和可焊性,本文拟以纯液态金属与固体金属的快速反应来观察金属间化合物的生长,从而阐述钎焊过程的特征。     

Gd2CuO4薄膜与Si, SiO2/Si基底界面相互作用研究

采用XRD和俄歇电子能谱（AES）等技术研究了钙钛矿型Gd2CuO4薄膜与基底Si和SiO2/Si的界面相互作用,发现衬底对Gd2CuO4薄膜的晶化特性有很大影响,以单晶Si为基镀时,Gd2CuO4薄膜经600℃热处理1h即可形成钙钛矿型晶体结构,而以SiO2/Si为基底时,经700℃热处理1h能形成较完善的钙钛矿型晶体结构,Gd2CuO4薄膜的晶粒度随热处理温度的升高而增大,热处理时间对晶粒度则影响较小,AES深度剖析表明,形成的薄膜组成均匀,在界面上有一定程度的扩散,以Si为基底时,Gd2CuO4与基底Si相互扩散,以SiO2/Si为基底时则主要是薄膜中Gd,Cu向SiO2层中的扩散,AES线性分析表明,在薄膜与基底的界面上,各元素的俄歇电子动能发现位移,表明基底作用使界面上元素的化学环境发生了变化。     

Application of nano-indentation, nano-scratch and single fibre tests in investigation of interphases in composite materials

Three novel experimental techniques were employed in this work in order to investigate the influence of the interphase region in polymer–glass composites on the bulk material properties: (i) the microdroplet test is a single fibre test designed to characterize the fibre–matrix bond (interface region) and to determine the interfacial shear stress in composite material; (ii) the nano-indentation test, a novel nano-hardness technique with ability to produce an indent as low as a few nanometres was employed in order to measure nano-hardness of the fibre–matrix interphase region; and (iii) the nano-scratch test, used in conjunction with the nano-indentation test for measurement of the interphase region width. The microdroplet test (MDT) has been used to characterize the interfacial bond in fibrous composite materials. The specimen consists of a fibre with a drop of cured resin pulled while the drop is being supported by a platinum disc with a hole. A properly tested specimen fails at the droplet’s tip–fibre interface, revealing the ultimate interfacial shear strength. In this study, finite element analysis (FEA) of the MDT has been focused toward simulation of the fibre–matrix interphase region. The influence of several functional variations of the material properties across the interphase layer on the stress distribution at the droplet’s tip was analysed. The results showed that the variation of the interphase properties significantly affects the stress distribution at the fibre–droplet interface, and, therefore, the stress redistribution to composite material. These results led to further experimental investigation of the interphase region, in order to obtain the material properties essential for the interfacial stress analysis. The interphase region in dry and water aged polymer–glass composite materials was investigated by means of the nano-indentation and the nano-scratch techniques. The nano-indentation test involved indentation as small as 30 nm in depth, produced along a 14 μm path between the fibre and the matrix. The distinct properties of the interphase region were revealed by 2–3 indents in dry materials and up to 15 indents in water aged, degraded materials. These results indicated interdiffusion in water aged interphase regions. The nano-scratch test involves moving a sample while being in contact with a diamond tip. The nano-scratch test, used in conjunction with the nano-indentation test, accurately measured the width of the interphase region. The results showed that the harder interphase region dissolved into the softer interphase region (both regions being harder/stronger than the matrix) expanding its width after aging in water.     

油/水/表面活性剂所组成分散体系的数学模型

对分散体系的研究,大多采用经验或半经验的方式。例如,表面活性剂的亲水、亲油性平衡值(Hydiophihc-Lipophilic Balance,HLB值),其不确定性使得人们很难利用HLB值来决定某一具体的表面活性剂的实用性;尽管Delichatsios等在研究动力学条件对分散结果的影响时提供了很有价值的关系式,但这类关系式却无法反映动力学条件和表面活性剂在分散体系形成中的关系及重要性,类似的问题在分散体系的研究中相当普遍,且很难满足人们的实际需要,本文尝试在前人研究的基础上,利用分散体系研究中比较成熟的基本概念,用数学方法建立由各量化数学参数所组成的数学模型。     

聚烯烃／极性聚合物界面的分子状态

为了克服高分子共混物界面不易表征的缺点，提出用溶剂选择性溶解方法使界面暴露．结合Ｘ－射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）表征手段，研究了官能化聚合物，接枝型共聚物及带有反应性基团的聚合物作为共混物增容剂时在界面区域的分子状态．实验结果表明，作增容剂时，官能化聚合物在界面区内采取最有利的分子构象，充分发挥增容作用；接枝型共聚物主链、侧链向相应本体聚合物内扩散；而带有反应性基团的聚合物与某个本体聚合物发生反应之前存在反应基团在界面富集的过程     

LaAlO_3衬底上磁控溅射的大面积YBa_2Cu_3O_（7－x）薄膜微观组织

用分析电镜和高分辨电镜对在３０ｍｍ×３０ｍｍＬａＡｌＯ３衬底上，采用中空柱状阴极直流磁控溅射的高ＪｃＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７－ｘ（ＹＢＣＯ）薄膜的微观组织结构进行了研究。薄膜为ｃ轴取向ＹＢＣＯ，含有少量Ｙ２ＢａＣｕＯ５颗粒和纺锤状Ｙ２Ｏ３。膜内主要晶体缺陷为［００１］刃位错和螺位错、堆垛层错、（００１）晶面弯曲带、小于１５ｎｍ的晶格畸变区和阳离子空位。ＬａＡｌＯ３衬底表面呈阶梯状并有小坑。衬底表面第一层膜原子为ＣｕＯ和ＣｕＯ２层，以致在界面形成ＢａＣｕＯ２和ＹａＢａＣｕ２Ｏ５相。ＬａＡｌＯ３衬底表层有较多位错，对薄膜外延生长和缺陷的形成有明显影响。     

Interface propagation and microstructure evolution in phase field models of stress-induced martensitic phase transformations

Analytical solutions for diffuse interface propagation are found for two recently developed Landau potentials that account for the phenomenology of stress-induced martensitic phase transformations. The solutions include the interface profile and velocity as a function of temperature and stress tensor. An instability in the interface propagation near lattice instability conditions is studied numerically. The effect of material inertia is approximately included. Two methods for introducing an athermal interface friction in phase field models are discussed. In the first method an analytic expression defines the location of the diffuse interface, and the rate of change of the order parameters is required to vanish if the driving force is below a threshold. As an alternative and more physical approach, we demonstrate that the introduction of spatially oscillatory stress fields due to crystal defects and the Peierls barrier, or to a jump in chemical energy, reproduces the effect of an athermal threshold. Finite element simulations of microstructure evolution with and without an athermal threshold are performed. In the presence of spatially oscillatory fields the evolution self-arrests in realistic stationary microstructures, thus the system does not converge to an unphysical single-phase final state, and rate-independent temperature- and stress-induced phase transformation hysteresis are exhibited.     

A molecular model for the line tension of lipid membranes

The line tension of a symmetric, lipid bilayer in its liquid-crystalline state is calculated on the basis of a molecular lipid model. The lipid model extends the opposing forces model by an expression for the conformational free energy of the hydrocarbon chains. We consider a membrane edge that consists of a perturbed bilayer covered by a section of a cylinder-like micelle. The structural rearrangement of the lipids implies an excess free energy which we minimize with respect to the cross-sectional shape of the membrane edge, including both the micellar and the bilayer region. The line tension is derived as a function of molecular lipid properties, like the lipid chain length or the head group interaction strength. We also relate it to the spontaneous curvature of the lipid layer. We find the line tension to become smaller for lipid layers that tend to curve more towards the hydrophobic core. Our predictions for the line tension and their relation to experimentally derived values are discussed. Received 2 January 2000