Mixing device for polymer blends of very different molecular weights using a mixing nozzle process

A new method of blending two polymers with very different molecular weights, i.e. different melt viscosities, in which the polymer mixture is forced to pass through a nozzle with a conical taper is proposed in this study. High density polyethylenes with very high and very low molecular weights were used as the samples in the blending process, and the parameters that affected the homogeneity of the blended polymers were studied. The homogeneity was found to be better at a lower shear rate, smaller orifice diameter, higher compression ratio of the cross-sectional area of the nozzle entrance and orifice, and a small length-to-diameter ratio of the orifice. This blending process, the nozzle blend, was found to make the droplets of a high molecular weight component extend to thin fibers along the conical section of the nozzle. The nozzle blend system has been proved to be useful in obtaining both macroscopic and microscopic homogeneity, and has been estimated to be comparable to a few minutes of roll-mill blending.     

A flow injection-capillary electrophoresis system with high-voltage contactless conductivity detection for automated dual opposite end injection

The system comprises two flow injection-capillary electrophoresis interfaces into which the opposite ends of the separation capillary are inserted. The electrolyte solution flows through both interfaces by use of hydrostatic pressure. The injection of the samples into the electrolyte flow is accomplished by a rotary-type chromatographic valve at the grounded side and by a pinch-valve injector at the high-voltage side that provides sufficient isolation from the high electric field. The system allows a fully automated dual-injection sequence of samples from both capillary ends and simultaneous electrophoretic separation of anions and cations in the samples. The analytes are detected by a high-voltage contactless conductometric detector positioned approximately in the middle of the separation capillary. The parameters of the system were evaluated. The repeatability of the flow injection-capillary electrophoresis system for the simultaneous determination of anions and cations was evaluated for ten consecutive injections and relative standard deviation (RSD) values for peak areas were better than 1.0%. The sample throughput for total ionic analysis was estimated to be 25 samples per hour. The system was used for automated simultaneous analysis of anions and cations in various real samples. Using a short separation capillary, rapid total ionic analysis in less then 1 min is demonstrated.     

New results on gas density, velocity field, and force field of a gasdynamic laser within a supersonic nozzle

Several new results are derived upon gas density as well as upon velocity and force fields relative to a gasdynamic laser within a supersonic nozzle. Evolution equations, including the continuity equation, are employed to obtain the above results. In particular, the continuity equation is used to determine the shape of the nozzle so that its cross-sectional area is calculated as a function of distance. This function is one of the ingredients to get our results relative to gas density, velocity, and force. In addition, the time-dependent power associated with the vibrational non-equilibrium expansion in the nozzle of hot gas at high pressure is evaluated.     

Rôle du soufflage dans le contrôle de l'éclatement tourbillonnaire sur une aile delta

According to flow visualizations performed in water tunnel and referring to a simple phenomenological model describing the nature of exchanges occurring within a two-dimensional mixing layer, a model was built up to specify the nature of flows ensuring the recirculating zone equilibrium over the upper surface of a delta wing at high angle of attack. Perturbing the flows equilibrium leads to delay the vortex breakdown. To cite this article: O. Rodriguez, J. Pruvost, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

环形HYLTE喷管叶片的简化设计及加工方法

 在不影响喷管性能的前提下,将环形HYLTE喷管叶片分解为4个1/4圆环,经过进一步简化设计后,得到只有3个截面中心共面的内部管道的1/4环形叶片。提出了两种环形HYLTE喷管叶片的加工方法：真空钎焊的方法和嵌铸的方法,并对两种方法进行了比较。对于真空钎焊的方法,进行了验证加工,测试结果表明喷管叶片焊接处气密性良好,力学性能优良,可在较高温度下正常工作。嵌铸的方法在一体化加工方面优势明显,可作为环形喷管加工的备选方法。     

化学发光法直接测定水中1，3-二氯-5，5-二甲基海因的研究

研究了在碱性条件下(pH12.0—12.5)1,3-二氯-5,5-二甲基海因与鲁米诺-过氧化氢体系产生的化学发光性质,首次建立了一种测定其含量的新方法,并应用于游泳池水中1,3-二氯-5,5-二甲基海因的测定,结果满意。1,3-二氯-5,5-二甲基海因的浓度在8.0×10     

A comparative study of approaches for spectral control of Ti:sapphire pulsed lasers

The results of a comparative study (theoretical and experimental) of two original approaches for spectral control of two-wavelength pulsed Ti:sapphire (Ti:S) lasers and the most popular conventional methods are presented. Single line operation as a particular case is considered. We compare our own methods: (i) combined dual pulse pumping–passive self-injection locking (DPP–PSIL) and (ii) coupled cavity dye laser injection locking (CCLIL) with the conventional methods: (i) intracavity selection (IS), (ii) PSIL and (iii) traditional injection locking using an external dye laser. The most important criteria—laser efficiency, emission line width, tuning range, spectral purity and buildup time are compared under optimized conditions. The comparison is made using the same pump source with constant output energy in each case. The results serve as a basis for choosing correctly the most suitable spectral control technique for a particular Ti:S laser application. It is shown that the DPP–PSIL method guarantees a remarkable improvement of the Ti:S laser performance (nearly doubling the laser efficiency with the same line width and comparable laser tuning range as IS, combined with a protection of the selectors). The CCLIL approach assures a maximum laser efficiency in narrow line emission in addition to a minimal and reproducible buildup time. The IS method provides a maximal tuning range.     

Template‐Synthesized Vertical Needle Array as Injection Platform for Microalgae

Increasing numbers of studies in the past few decades have demonstrated vertically‐oriented nanoneedles arrays (NNAs) as innovative tools to interrogate and manipulate biological cells, where the needles are inserted into the cells as functional probes for high‐throughput detection and biomolecule delivery. However, majority of these studies use mammalian cells: leaving NNA application to plant cells still in its infancy and largely unexplored. This paper highlights our contributions in exploring the utility of NNAs to microalgae – a diverse group of aquatic, photosynthetic organisms studied intensively as bio‐factories for producing high‐value‐added products such as fuels and pharmaceuticals. Microalgal strain development processes have long suffered from the hard cell wall that surrounds the cell and inhibits delivery of foreign materials into the cell. Conically‐shaped, metallic NNAs were developed with template synthesis that successfully penetrate through the cell wall barrier and achieve material injection – using the widely studied model microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Earlier works from mammalian cells are introduced and discussed to clarify the framework established in this field, while recent studies of both mammalian and microalgal cells are also referenced to examine the trends, challenges, and future perspectives of NNA application to microalgae.     

淹没条件下不同结构参数的自激吸气式脉冲射流喷嘴压力变化试验研究

运用自行研制的试验装置对淹没条件下的自激吸气式脉冲射流喷嘴特性进行了大量的试验,研究了吸气对喷嘴内的压力变化和脉冲射流峰值打击力的影响。通过研究淹没条件下10-16-125-75和8-14-85-60结构参数喷嘴在不同吸气根数下的腔套内各测点压力及峰值打击力的变化,得出不同结构喷嘴的压力和峰值打击力随吸气量的增大而逐渐提高,存在最优吸气量使脉冲射流峰值打击力最大。通过研究淹没条件下结构参数分别为8-14-85-60、10-16-105-75、14-28-125-105的喷嘴在不吸气及吸气根数为4情况下的射流峰谷差及峰值打击力,得出三种喷嘴在吸气时的射流峰值打击力分别提高45%~78%、40%~46%、22%~38%。研究表明:对于不同结构参数喷嘴,吸气可提高射流压力波动值和峰值打击力,随上喷嘴直径和振荡腔内容积的增大,该吸气方式对射流打击力的提高程度呈减小趋势。结果对进一步研究淹没条件下自激吸气式脉冲射流喷嘴特性具有指导意义。     

Supersonic flow separation in planar nozzles

We present experimental results on separation of supersonic flow inside a convergent–divergent (CD) nozzle. The study is motivated by the occurrence of mixing enhancement outside CD nozzles operated at low pressure ratio. A novel apparatus allows investigation of many nozzle geometries with large optical access and measurement of wall and centerline pressures. The nozzle area ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 and the pressure ratio ranged from 1.2 to 1.8. At the low end of these ranges, the shock is nearly straight. As the area ratio and pressure ratio increase, the shock acquires two lambda feet. Towards the high end of the ranges, one lambda foot is consistently larger than the other and flow separation occurs asymmetrically. Downstream of the shock, flow accelerates to supersonic speed and then recompresses. The shock is unsteady, however, there is no evidence of resonant tones. The separation shear layer on the side of the large lambda foot exhibits intense instability that grows into large eddies near the nozzle exit. Time-resolved wall pressure measurements indicate that the shock oscillates in a piston-like manner and most of the energy of the oscillations is at low frequency.