合成射流激励器射流矢量控制的物理因素

对不同出口构型合成射流激励器进行射流矢量控制进行了数值研究,并对决定合成射流激励器射流矢量控制的物理因素进行了分析和归纳．低压区位置和面积及其压强梯度、合成射流动量分量、合成射流对主流的卷吸率是直接控制主射流矢量力和矢量角的物理因素．合成射流的3个特征参数直接影响和控制低压区的面积及其压强梯度,合成射流激励器出口台阶和出口斜喷角都对低压区位置、面积和合成射流对主流的卷吸率有影响和调节作用,合成射流激励器出口斜喷角还直接控制合成射流动量分量．基于对合成射流激励器射流矢量控制物理因素的分析,确定了控制物理因素的源变量,建立了由控制能力函数和调节功能函数组成的合成射流矢量控制初步模型,初步模型能够对源变量引起的合成射流激励器射流矢量控制效率不同作出解释,并进一步指出了进行射流矢量控制的最佳激励器是充分利用调节功能函数．     

Contact Transformations and Local Reducibility of ODE to the Form y‴=0

Orbits of the ODE y=0 in corresponding jet bundles are investigated. Explicit relations for the right-hand side of an arbitrary 3-order ODE necessary and sufficient for the existence of a contact transformation reducing this equation locally to the form y=0 are obtained.     

Oscillations of the fluid flow and the free surface in a cavity with a submerged bifurcated nozzle

The free surface dynamics and sub-surface flow behavior in a thin (height and width much larger than thickness), liquid filled, rectangular cavity with a submerged bifurcated nozzle were investigated using free surface visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Three regimes in the free surface behavior were identified, depending on nozzle depth and inlet velocity. For small nozzle depths, an irregular free surface is observed without clear periodicities. For intermediate nozzle depths and sufficiently high inlet velocities, natural mode oscillations consistent with gravity waves are present, while at large nozzle depths long term self-sustained asymmetric oscillations occur.For the latter case, time-resolved PIV measurements of the flow below the free surface indicated a strong oscillation of the direction with which each of the two jets issue from the nozzle. The frequency of the jet oscillation is identical to the free surface oscillation frequency. The two jets oscillate in anti-phase, causing the asymmetric free surface oscillation. The jets interact through a cross-flow in the gaps between the inlet channel and the front and back walls of the cavity.     

Flow evolution of a turbulent submerged two-dimensional rectangular free jet of air. Average Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) visualizations and measurements

The paper presents average flow visualizations and measurements, obtained with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique, of a submerged rectangular free jet of air in the range of Reynolds numbers from Re = 35,300 to Re = 2200, where the Reynolds number is defined according to the hydraulic diameter of a rectangular slot of height H. According to the literature, just after the exit of the jet there is a zone of flow, called zone of flow establishment, containing the region of mixing fluid, at the border with the stagnant fluid, and the potential core, where velocity on the centerline maintains a value almost equal to the exit one. After this zone is present the zone of established flow or fully developed region. The goal of the paper is to show, with average PIV visualizations and measurements, that, before the zone of flow establishment is present a region of flow, never mentioned by the literature and called undisturbed region of flow, with a length, L_U, which decreases with the increase of the Reynolds number. The main characteristics of the undisturbed region is the fact that the velocity profile maintains almost equal to the exit one, and can also be identified by a constant height of the average PIV visualizations, with length, L_CH, or by a constant turbulence on the centerline, with length L_CT. The average PIV velocity and turbulence measurements are compared to those performed with the Hot Film Anemometry (HFA) technique. The average PIV visualizations show that the region of constant height has a length L_CH which increases from L_CH = H at Re = 35,300 to L_CH = 4–5H at Re = 2200. The PIV measurements on the centerline of the jet show that turbulence remains constant at the level of the exit for a length, L_CT, which increases from L_CT = H at Re = 35,300 to L_CT = 4–5H at Re = 2200. The PIV measurements show that velocity remains constant at the exit level for a length, L_U, which increases from L_U = H at Re = 35,300 to L_U = 6H at Re = 2200 and is called undisturbed region of flow. In turbulent flow the length L_U is almost equal to the lengths of the regions of constant height, L_CH, and constant turbulence, L_CT. In laminar flow, Re = 2200, the length of the undisturbed region of flow, L_U, is greater than the lengths of the regions of constant height and turbulence, L_CT = L_CH = 4–5H. The average PIV and HFA velocity measurements confirm that the length of potential core, L_P, increases from L_P = 4–5H at Re = 35,300 to L_P = 7–8H at Re = 2200, and are compared to the previous experimental and theoretical results of the literature in the zone of mixing fluid and in the fully developed region with a good agreement.     

超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

Numerical modeling of chlorine concentration in water storage tanks

In this paper, we describe a numerical model to simulate the evolution in time of the hydrodynamics of water storage tanks, with particular emphasis on the time evolution of chlorine concentration. The mathematical model contains several ingredients particularly designed for this problem, namely, a boundary condition to model falling jets on free surfaces, an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation to account for the motion of the free surface because of demand and supply of water, and a coupling of the hydrodynamics with a convection–diffusion–reaction equation modeling the time evolution of chlorine. From the numerical point of view, the equations resulting from the mathematical model are approximated using a finite element formulation, with linear continuous interpolations on tetrahedra for all the unknowns. To make it possible, and also to be able to deal with convection‐dominated flows, a stabilized formulation is used. In order to capture the sharp gradients present in the chlorine concentration, particularly near the injection zone, a discontinuity capturing technique is employed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Near field vorticity distributions from a sharp-edged rectangular jet

Experimental results on the near field development of a free rectangular jet with aspect ratio 10 are presented. The jet issues from a sharp-edged orifice attached to a rectangular settling chamber at Re_h ∼ 23,000, based on slot width, h. Measurements on cross plane grids were obtained with a two-component hot wire anemometry probe, which provided information on the three dimensional characteristics of the flow field. Two key features of this type of jet are mean axial velocity profiles presenting two off axis peaks, commonly mentioned as saddleback profiles, and a predominant dumbbell shape as described by, for example, a contour of the axial mean velocity. The saddleback shape is found to be significantly influenced by the vorticity distribution in the transverse plane of the jet, while the dumbbell is traced to two terms in the axial mean vorticity transport equation that diffuse fluid from the centre of the jet towards its periphery. At the farthest location where measurements were taken, 30 slot widths from the jet exit, the flow field resembles that of an axisymmetric jet.     

Penetration into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows

We present a numerical study on the penetration of spherical projectiles into a granular bed in the presence of upward gas flows. Due to the presence of interstitial fluid, the force chains between particles in the granular bed are weakened significantly, and this distinguishes the penetration behavior from that in the absence of fluid. An interesting phenomenon, namely granular jet, is observed during the penetration, and the mechanism for its formation and growth is attributed to the merging of granular vortices generated by the interaction between the intruder and primary particles. Moreover, both the final penetration depth and the maximum diameter of the crater are found to follow a power-law dependence with the impact velocity, and the maximum height reached by the granular jet tends to increase linearly as the impact velocity increases, agreeing well with the experimental results reported in the literature.