Temperature dependence of volume and surface symmetry energy coefficients of nuclei

The thermal evolution of the energies and free energies of a set of spherical and near-spherical nuclei spanning the whole periodic table are calculated in the subtracted finite-temperature Thomas–Fermi framework with the zero-range Skyrme-type KDE0 and the finite-range modified Seyler–Blanchard interaction. The calculated energies are subjected to a global fit in the spirit of the liquid-drop model. The extracted parameters in this model reflect the temperature dependence of the volume symmetry and surface symmetry coefficients of finite nuclei, in addition to that of the volume and surface energy coefficients. The temperature dependence of the surface symmetry energy is found to be very substantial whereas that of the volume symmetry energy turns out to be comparatively mild.     

聚变实验堆真空室壳体成型残余应力分析

为了了解聚变实验堆真空室壳体表面残余应力的分布以及退火工艺对残余应力的影响，通过模拟分析和实验检测两种方式对不锈钢316LN冷压曲面和热压曲面残余应力进行研究，获得退火前后曲面表面残余应力的大小，得到冷压曲面和热压曲面残余应力的分布以及退火工艺对残余应力分布的影响。研究结果为分析成型工艺提供数据支撑，对中国聚变工程实验堆真空室的研究与制造具有重要意义。     

Application of hot platinum microelectrodes for determination of flavonoids in flow injection analysis and capillary electrophoresis

The determination of quercetin and rutin by flow injection analysis (FIA) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) using electrochemical detection was described. These flavonoids were determined at normal (unheated) and hot platinum microelectrodes using cyclic voltammetry. When quercetin or rutin is reaching the platinum electrode, a change of the current in the region of the platinum oxide formation is observed. Integration of the current changes in this in this region creates analytical signals in the form of peaks. An increase of temperature to about 76 ?C in a small zone adjacent to the microelectrode causes an increase of the analytical signal by more than 6 times under FIA conditions. This method enables the use of hot microelectrodes as detectors in HPLC or CE. In CE the improvement of the analytical signal at hot microelectrodes is smaller than in FIA and increase only 1.3–3.4 times. Heated microelectrodes were used for analysis of the flavonoids in natural samples of the plant (extract of sea buckthorn) and a pharmaceutical preparation (Cerutin).     

有机半导体非平衡态HOMO和LUMO能量位移规律与OLED中“热激子”形成的唯象理解

以能斯特方程为基础, 通过分析电流密度与氧化还原物种活度变化, 即载流子浓度变化的关系, 计算出有机半导体材料电极电势的变化, 从而建立起有机半导体前线轨道, 即最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级和最低未被占据分子轨道(LUMO)能级相对于热力学平衡态的能量位移随电流密度变化的数学关系. 进而依据能级能量位移引起的能隙变化, 提出了有机电致发光显示器（OLED）中“热激子”的产生机制.     

Hot carrier degradation mechanism interpretation by lateral distribution of interface and bulk trap density

We investigated the drain avalanche hot carrier effect (DAHC) of p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor of 0.14 μm channel length (PMOSFET) with SiON gate dielectric. Using three different stress conditions of substrate maximum current, the changes to threshold voltage, maximum transconductance, saturation current and channel leakage current was monitored. Concurrently, the lateral distribution of interface trap density (N_it) and bulk trapped charge density (N_ot) with stress time has been extracted along the 70 nm half channels from gate edge to drain junction, which is the first endeavor in describing charge traps along sub 100 nm short channels. The degradation of the PMOSFET was described by combining electrical property with N_it and N_ot profiles. Hot electron punch through (HEIP) effect was evidenced by negative Not distribution near the drain junction while more severe hot carrier degradation was successfully demonstrated by the empirical power law dependence of the electrical parameters N_it and N_ot. We have studied the evolution of degradation behavior along highly scaled tens of nanometer channel, and N_it and N_ot profile offers systematic study and interpretation of degradation mechanism of hot carrier effect in MOSFET devices.     

Dielectric-Barrier Discharges: Their History, Discharge Physics, and Industrial Applications

Dielectric-barrier discharges (silent discharges) are used on a large industrial scale. They combine the advantages of non-equilibrium plasma properties with the ease of atmospheric-pressure operation. A prominent feature is the simple scalability from small laboratory reactors to large industrial installations with megawatt input powers. Efficient and cost-effective all-solid-state power supplies are available. The preferred frequency range lies between 1 kHz and 10 MHz, the preferred pressure range between 10 kPa and 500 kPa. Industrial applications include ozone generation, pollution control, surface treatment, high power CO₂ lasers, ultraviolet excimer lamps, excimer based mercury-free fluorescent lamps, and flat large-area plasma displays. Depending on the application and the operating conditions the discharge can have pronounced filamentary structure or fairly diffuse appearance. History, discharge physics, and plasma chemistry of dielectric-barrier discharges and their applications are discussed in detail.     

Rearrangement of the bow shock shape using a “hot spike”

A method of possible diagnostics of supersonic flows around a blunt body and its aerodynamic characteristics by means of a thin channel of reduced density emerging in front of the bow shock wave is discussed. The channel was placed parallel to the body axis or inclined to it. Under the conditions of initially uniform pressure the temperature in the channel (the hot spike) is higher than that of the environment. A thin hot spike, which as its limit is infinitely thin, results in the formation of a precursory disturbance in front of the bow shock wave. The length of the precursor is comparable with the characteristic length, that is, the cross section of the blunt body. The hot spike when localized parallel to the body axis and not in line with it yields turning and deviating moments, a lift force was generated even for a symmetric blunt body. Possible applications of this effect are, for example, a change of the trajectory of a small asteroid by means of using the hot spike.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Assessment of Hydrocarbon Electron‐Impact Ionization Cross Section Measurements for Magnetic Fusion

Partial ionization cross section experiments have been carried out recently at the University of Innsbruck for three types of hydrocarbons, i.e. acetylene, ethylene and propene. Cross section data fits are generated and compared to the compilation of earlier experimental data summarized in the online database HYDKIN [www.hydkin.de]. New data fits are brought into a suitable form to be incorporated into the database. In order to illuminate underlying dissociation mechanisms the energy dependence of branching ratios above energies of 20 –30 eV is reviewed in light of the present results (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Orbital relaxation effects on temperature diagnostics of mid-Z plasmas

The orbital relaxation effect was studied in the calculations and diagnostics of the L-shell absorption spectra (2p→3d,4d,5d) of iron and bromine plasmas. A detailed level accounting model was developed to calculate the huge number of L-shell absorption lines of the two typical mid-Z plasmas. The orbital sets were generated by the optimizations according to the initial and final states, respectively. It was found that the L-shell line positions agree with the experimental iron and bromine spectra better when the orbital relaxations were included in calculations. Since experimental mid-Z spectra have few detailed line structures, calculations without considering orbital relaxations may misinterpret the spectra and consequently lead to underestimations of the plasma temperatures.     

Multi-moment advection scheme for Vlasov simulations

We present a new numerical scheme for solving the advection equation and its application to Vlasov simulations. The scheme treats not only point values of a profile but also its zeroth to second order piecewise moments as dependent variables, for better conservation of the information entropy. We have developed one-and two-dimensional schemes and show that they provide quite accurate solutions within reasonable usage of computational resources compared to other existing schemes. The two-dimensional scheme can accurately solve the solid body rotation problem of a gaussian profile for more than hundred rotation periods with little numerical diffusion. This is crucially important for Vlasov simulations of magnetized plasmas. Applications of the one- and two-dimensional schemes to electrostatic and electromagnetic Vlasov simulations are presented with some benchmark tests.