Two-dimensional characterization of atmospheric profile retrievals from limb sounding observations

Limb sounders measure atmospheric radiation that is dependent on atmospheric temperature and constituents that have a radial and angular distribution in Earth-centered coordinates. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of a limb retrieval to radial and angular distributions of trace gas concentrations, we perform and characterize one-dimensional (vertical) and two-dimensional (radial and angular) atmospheric profile retrievals. Our simulated atmosphere for these retrievals is a distribution of carbon monoxide (CO), which represents a plume off the coast of south-east Asia. Both the one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) limb retrievals are characterized by evaluating their averaging kernels and error covariances on a radial and angular grid that spans the plume. We apply this 2D characterization of a limb retrieval to a comparison of the 2D retrieval with the 1D (vertical) retrieval. By characterizing a limb retrieval in two dimensions the location of the air mass where the retrievals are most sensitive can be determined. For this test case the retrievals are most sensitive to the CO concentrations about 2° latitude in front of the tangent point locations. We find the information content for the 2D retrieval is an order of magnitude larger and the degrees of freedom is about a factor of two larger than that of the 1D retrieval primarily because the 2D retrieval can estimate angular distributions of CO concentrations. This 2D characterization allows the radial and angular resolution as well as the degrees of freedom and information content to be computed for these limb retrievals. We also use the 2D averaging kernel to develop a strategy for validation of a limb retrieval with an in situ measurement.     

On the use of the stratified momentum balance for the deduction of shear stress in horizontal gas–liquid pipe flow

The use of the stratified flow momentum balance for the deduction of interfacial and liquid wall shear stresses from experimental measurements is examined. A systematic error analysis is applied to the governing equations using the principle of maximum uncertainty. A series of air–water experiments were conducted in 50 and 80 mm diameter pipes, in which gas pressure drop, liquid height and gas wall shear stress were measured. A framework for the correlation of the deduced shear stresses is proposed from the experimental measurements. The uncertainty analysis is used to show that the definition of mean liquid height does not significantly influence the overall results. The development of empirical equations based on such methods may lead to total uncertainties of up to 40%, irrespective of accuracy of the experimental data or the appropriateness of the correlating technique. Comparisons with state-of-the-art correlations for the liquid wall and interfacial friction factor data showed even larger discrepancies between measurement and prediction.     

水平井套管悬重规律解析分析

对水平井下套过程中的套管悬重规律进行了理论研究，建立了套管拉力微分方程，并经过严密的数学推导得到了套管悬重的解析解，该解析解简便实用，可用于预测和计算水平井套管下入过程中的悬重规律。文中采用这些公式对长庆油田塞平－１水平井所用套管结构的悬重规律进行了理论计算，该材料结果与实测数据较吻合，验证了本文理论模型的合理性。     

A quasi-analytic solution of the radiative transfer equation for three-dimensional atmospheres

In this study, we present a new solution of the three-dimensional (3-D) radiation transfer equation (RTE). The solution employs a discretization technique to separate the independent variables involved in the 3-D RTE, and the doubling-adding method to solve the RTE explicitly and quasi-analytically. The remarkable feature of the present solution is the application of scaling-function expansion to those terms that are dependent on horizontal coordinates. Scaling-function expansion is suitable for representing irregular horizontal inhomogeneities with small-scale variations. By applying scaling-function expansion, the 3-D RTE can be formulated in the form of a vector-matrix differential equation; matrices involved in the equation are generally sparse and dominantly diagonal matrices, and this considerably reduces the labor involved in matrix calculations. We tested the performance of the present solution via radiative transfer calculations of solar radiation in horizontally inhomogeneous two-dimensional cloud models. The calculated results indicate that even if the resolution of the scaling-function expansion is too coarse in regions around small-scale variations, the influence does not spread problematically to other regions far from the variations; this illustrates the advantage of the scaling-function expansion. The present solution can be used to investigate quantitatively and to estimate the effects of cloud spatial inhomogeneity on the corresponding radiation field.     

Finite dimensional approximation of Riemannian path space geometry

In this paper, we construct a finite dimensional approximation for the geometry on the path space over a compact Riemannian manifold. This approximation allows to construct the horizontal lift of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process on the path space through the Markovian connection. We also prove a representation formula for the heat semigroup on (adapted) vector fields as well as a commutation formula for its derivative.     

Deformation and Filtration Near a Well in a Porous Stratum with Linear Memory

The linearized equations for saturated elastic porous media and for surrounding elastic rock are solved simultaneously; and the Volterra principle is used to derive an integro-differential filtration equation for a homogeneous weakly compressible fluid in an axisymmetric stratum with linear memory and central well. An analytical expression for porosity variation is obtained and then used to determine the permeability coefficient. The solutions are analyzed for the case where the stratum exhibits memory described by regular and singular kernels of the integral operator     

Axiomatizations of Lovász extensions of pseudo-Boolean functions

Three important properties in aggregation theory are investigated, namely horizontal min-additivity, horizontal max-additivity, and comonotonic additivity, which are defined by certain relaxations of the Cauchy functional equation in several variables. We show that these properties are equivalent and we completely describe the functions characterized by them. By adding some regularity conditions, these functions coincide with the Lovász extensions vanishing at the origin, which subsume the discrete Choquet integrals. We also propose a simultaneous generalization of horizontal min-additivity and horizontal max-additivity, called horizontal median-additivity, and we describe the corresponding function class. Additional conditions then reduce this class to that of symmetric Lovász extensions, which includes the discrete symmetric Choquet integrals.     

水平线性互补问题的广义中心路径跟踪算法

对水平线性互补问题提出了一种广义中心路径跟踪算法.任意的原始-对偶可行内点均可作为算法的初始点.每步迭代选择“仿射步”与“中心步”的凸组合为新的迭代方向,采用使对偶间隙尽可能减小的最大步长.算法的迭代复杂性为O(√nL).     

浅海中水平阵时反聚焦性能研究

在浅海波导中,垂直时反阵可以跨越整个波导,能对大多数简正波模态进行精确采样。相比垂直阵,水平阵因便于安装在舰艇或永久布在海底放而更具有实际意义。本文在给定声源及海洋环境信息的条件下,通过仿真计算在声源处取得了较好的聚焦效果。对比垂直阵,计算了同种环境下水平阵取得较好时反聚焦效果所需孔径的大小,并分析了水平时反阵孔径一定,基元数减小;发射信号频宽的变化对时反聚焦性能造成的影响。得出大孔径的水平时反阵具有较好的时反聚焦性能,窄带信号较单频信号能改善水平阵时反聚焦性能的结论。最后处理了2002年海试数据,根据反演出的海底参数选择其中两组信号数据做时反处理,水平距离的定位误差为1.9%和2.2%。     

Experiments with a Wire-Mesh Sensor for stratified and dispersed oil-brine pipe flow

Two-phase oil–water flow was studied in a 15 m long horizontal steel pipe, with 8.28 cm internal diameter, using mineral oil (having 830 kg/m³ density and 7.5 mPa s viscosity) and brine (1073 kg/m³ density and of 0.8 mPa s viscosity). Measurements of the holdup and of the cross-sectional phase fraction distribution were obtained for stratified flow and for highly dispersed oil–water flows, applying a capacitive Wire-Mesh Sensor specially designed for that purpose. The applicability of this measurement technique, which uses a circuit for capacitive measurements that is adapted to conductive measurements, where one of the fluids is water with high salinity (mimicking sea water), was assessed. Values for the phase fraction values were derived from the raw data obtained by the Wire-Mesh Sensor using several mixture permittivity models. Two gamma-ray densitometers allowed the accurate measurement of the holdups, which was used to validate the data acquired with the capacitive Wire-Mesh Sensor. The measured time-averaged distribution of the phase fraction over the cross-sectional area was used to investigate the details of the observed two-phase flow patterns, including the interface shape and water height. The experiments were conducted in the multiphase-flow test facility of Shell Global International B.V. in the Netherlands.