An experimental investigation of dynamic crack propagation in a brittle material reinforced with a ductile layer

The fracture behavior of a dynamically loaded edge crack in a brittle-ductile layered material, as a function of applied loading rate, was experimentally investigated. Layered specimens were prepared by sandwiching a thin layer of ductile aluminum between two thick layers of brittle Homalite-100. The layers were bonded using Loctite Depend 330 adhesive, and a naturally sharp edge crack was introduced in one of the Homalite-100 layers. These single-edge notched specimens were loaded in dynamic three-point bending using a modified Hopkinson bar. The fracture process was imaged in real time using dynamic photoelasticity in conjunction with digital high-speed photography, and the applied load and load-point displacement histories were determined from the strain signals recorded at two locations on the Hopkinson bar. The results of this study indicated two distinct mechanisms of dynamic failure, depending on the applied loading rate. At lower loading rates, the starter crack arrested on reaching the aluminum layer and then caused delamination along the aluminum–Homalite interface. On the contrary, as the loading rate was increased, interfacial delamination was followed by crack re-initiation in the Homalite layer opposite to the initial starter crack. It was determined that the times required for crack initiation, delamination and crack re-initiation decreased as the loading rate was increased. However, it was also observed that the applied load values associated with each event increased with increasing loading rate. These observations indicate that both the dynamic failure process and plausibly the failure mode transition are affected by the rate-dependent properties of Homalite, aluminum and the interfacial bond. Finally, based on the measured peak loads and the observed failure mechanisms it was concluded that the incorporation of a thin ductile reinforcement layer can increase both the overall fracture toughness and strength of a nominally brittle material.     

Propagation of a stress wave through a virtual functionally graded foam

Stress wave propagation through a Functionally Graded Foam Material (FGFM) is analysed in this paper using the finite element method. A finite element model of the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is developed to apply realistic boundary conditions to a uniform density foam and is validated against laboratory SHPB tests. Wave propagation through virtual FGFMs with various gradient functions is then considered. The amplitude of the stress wave is found to be shaped by the gradient functions, i.e., the stress can be amplified or diminished following propagation through the FGFMs. The plastic dissipation energy in the specimens is also shaped by the gradient functions. This property of FGFMs provides significant potential for such materials to be used for cushioning structures.     

Hopkinson压杆技术在中国的发展回顾

简要回顾了Hopkinson压杆实验技术在中国的发展历程及推广应用。系统介绍了关于金属、高聚物、复合材料、脆性材料、混凝土及软材料、泡沫材料等材料的SHPB实验技术研究，并对相关材料的实验结果进行简要讨论。     

The high strain-rate behaviour of three molecular weights of polyethylene examined with a magnesium alloy split-Hopkinson pressure bar

A traditional split-Hopkinson pressure bar system has been modified by the addition of ZK60A magnesium alloy pressure bars in order to increase the resolution of data when examining specimens of low-density, high-density and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. It was found that the low density of the ZK60A allowed a decent increase in transmitted pulse amplitude, whilst its relatively high yield strength afforded long-term reliability of the system. The accuracy of data obtained from the fitted strain gauges was verified with the use of a high-speed video camera, and was found to be an excellent match.     

Hopkinson压杆技术的推广应用

简要介绍了Hopkinson杆的几种工程应用,包括:(1)用同步组装系统进行高温、高应变率耦合作用下材料动态力学性能的测试;(2)在Hopkinson压杆技术中实现单脉冲加载及其在动态损伤力学中的应用;(3)用Hopkinson压杆加载三点弯曲试样测定材料的动态起裂韧性;(4)用Hopkinson压杆技术对加速度传感器在3 000~200 000g范围内进行g值校准。还介绍了这些应用的基本原理、测试方法及所取得的成果。     

A quartz-crystal-embedded split Hopkinson pressure bar for soft materials

A dynamic experimental technique that is three orders of magnitude as sensitive in stress measurement as a conventional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has been developed. Experimental results show that this new method is effective and reliable for determining the dynamic compressive stress-strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths, such as elastomeric materials and foams at high strain rates. The technique is based on a conventional SHPB. Instead of a surface strain gage mounted on the transmission bar, a piezoelectric force transducer was embedded in the middle of the transmission bar of a high-strength aluminum alloy to directly measure the weakly transmitted force profile from a soft specimen. In addition, a pulse-shape technique was used for increasing the rise time of the incident pulse to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation in the low-impedance and low-strength specimen.     

Limiting conditions for compression testing of flat specimens in the split hopkinson pressure bar

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique is analyzed during the initial stages of loading by means of axisymmetric finite element simulations of dynamic compression tests. Limiting strains as functions of the test parameters such as the specimen diameterd and heighth were found to ensure a one-dimensional stress state and axial stress homogeneity in specimens of elastic-perfectly plastic material. The one-dimensional stress state is necessary and sufficient for accurate test results for flat specimens (h/d≤0.5) and nonflat specimens, respectively, with diameters up to half of the bar diameter. Only very small values of the Coulomb friction constraint (μ≈0.01) seem to be acceptable. The significance of the determined limiting conditions to the more practical case of a rate dependent material is investigated using an elastic-viscoplastic material for the specimen. The stress and strain rate reconstructed from the calculated bar signals (according to the SHPB analysis) are compared with stresses and strain rates averaged over the cross section of the specimen. Well-known inertia corrections improve the results of the SHPB procedure, but errors remain for small strains and highly time dependent strain rates.     

钢纤维混凝土的层裂特征

利用大直径Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面的吸收杆应变波形分析了钢纤维增强混凝土的层裂特征。实验结果表明,钢纤维混凝土的层裂强度与钢纤维含量、混凝土压缩强度以及加载速率有关,并给出了经验公式。和素混凝土相比,钢纤维混凝土具有更高的层裂强度和更好的阻止损伤演化和裂纹扩展的能力。高速摄影结果表明,钢纤维混凝土层裂时,层裂段的飞离是由于陷在层裂段中应力波的动量效应,而且在层裂段中不易出现再次层裂的现象。这些现象和相同加载条件下素混凝土的层裂破坏有明显差别,说明钢纤维可以很好地提高混凝土抗层裂能力,其结论对相关的数值模拟和防护工程设计有重要意义。     

板厚、温度和速度对单搭接胶接接头强度的影响

为了探讨单搭接胶接接头结构的破坏机理,采用Hopkinson拉杆实验技术,研究了板厚、温度和速度(试样端部的最大速度)对单搭接胶接接头强度的影响。实验结果表明,板越厚、温度越低、速度越大,接头的强度越大。运用有限元方法分析了胶层的应力分布,通过引入剥离应力对试样强度的影响因子,研究发现板越厚、温度越低、速度越大,剥离应力对接头强度的影响越小。     

应变率历史对记忆合金在高应变率拉伸下力学行为影响的实验研究

利用分离式拉伸霍布金森杆（ＳＨＳＢ）装置考察了高应变率拉伸作用下形状记忆合金的力学行为，并研究了高应变率历史对高应变率拉伸作用下力学行为的影响．研究表明，记忆合金是一种对应变率非常敏感的材料，与准静态载荷作用下应力应变关系相比，高应变率使屈服应力提高，并随着所经历的应变率水平的升高，同一高应变率下屈服强度明显增加．