一种经验型疲劳小裂纹扩展模型

金属材料疲劳寿命由裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展寿命两部分组成,其中对于萌生寿命中的小裂纹分析是精确描述裂纹萌生寿命的关键．而小裂纹在扩展过程中由于尺寸相对较小,导致传统线弹性断裂力学预测方法失效,需要对其进行改进,考虑裂纹尖端塑性区引起的残余压应力对小裂纹扩展速度的影响．本文针对此问题进行了初步分析,通过对塑性区引起的残余应力的量化,结合小裂纹门槛值特性,提出了一种经验型修正的小裂纹扩展模型,用于定量预测裂纹的萌生寿命．使用铝合金6082-T6缺口试样进行了疲劳实验,并与理论结果进行了对比,验证了所提模型的有效性．     

摩托车传动用滚子链磨损特性的研究

道路行驶磨损试验结果表明，摩托车传动用滚子链套筒和销轴零件的主要磨损形式是磨粒磨损，并伴随有疲劳磨损的特征．由微观分析和链条的磨损伸长量可知：套筒和销轴的初始表面硬度较高，有利于改善其磨损表面形貌状态和耐磨性；在磨粒磨损机制下，套筒和销轴零件的表面硬度较低，容易产生“犁切”，表面层的循环硬化现象比较明显，磨损严重；在油池润滑条件下，套筒和销轴零件的表面硬度较高，裂纹的扩展速率较快，循环软化现象也较明显，当表面硬度较低时发生循环硬化．循环软化与循环硬化是导致磨损严重的原因之一．     

一种基于材料韧性耗散分析的疲劳损伤定量新方法

依据疲劳过程中结构钢力学性能的变化规律,从反映疲劳损伤机理、对损伤过程表现敏感且便于实验测试等方面对上述材料弹性、塑性、强度和韧性等参量进行综合考察后指出,韧性是一个适合作为疲劳损伤表征的力学参量,并进一步建立了韧性随疲劳损伤演化的耗散模型。从交变载荷下材料韧性耗散规律出发,结合疲劳损伤的能耗过程分析,系统研究并提出了以韧性为基本参量的疲劳损伤变量、损伤临界值、损伤演化方程和累积损伤模型,据此建立了一种新的疲劳损伤定量方法,并在实验中得到了验证。通过与其它方法比较表明：根据韧性耗散定义损伤变量优于基于延性、强度和弹性模量变化的损伤度量方法,由此得到的累积损伤模型较Ｍｉｎｅｒ线性法则与Ｍａｎｓｏｎ双线性累积损伤法则更符合实验结果。因此,上述疲劳损伤定量方法可为现阶段工程结构的抗疲劳设计与寿命估算提供新的研究手段     

Fatigue damage behavior of a surface-mount electronic package under different cyclic applied loads

This paper studies and compares the effects of pull-pull and 3-point bending cyclic loadings on the mechanical fa- tigue damage behaviors of a solder joint in a surface-mount electronic package. The comparisons are based on experimental investigations using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） in-situ technology and nonlinear finite element modeling, respec- tively. The compared results indicate that there are different threshold levels of plastic strain for the initial damage of solder joints under two cyclic applied loads; meanwhile, fatigue crack initiation occurs at different locations, and the accumulation of equivalent plastic strain determines the trend and direction of fatigue crack propagation. In addition, simulation results of the fatigue damage process of solder joints considering a constitutive model of damage initiation criteria for ductile materials and damage evolution based on accumulating inelastic hysteresis energy are identical to the experimental results. The actual fatigue life of the solder joint is almost the same and demonstrates that the FE modeling used in this study can provide an accurate prediction of solder joint fatigue failure.     

强激光冲击铝合金改性处理研究

利用新型聚偏1.1-二氟乙烯（PVDF）压电传感器,实现了对激光引发的冲击波压力的实时测量,得到激光引发的冲击波峰压在铝中成指数型的衰减规律;观测了不同约束层材料在铝靶表面产生的激光冲击波,研究了不同约束层对冲击效果的影响;最后用激光冲击强化装置对7050-T7451航空铝合金结构材料进行了冲击强化处理,对试件激光冲击区存在的残余压应力及位错密度进行了测量。结果显示经激光冲击处理的试件表面具有极高的残余压应力,可达-200MPa以上。激光冲击处理后铝合金的位错密度得到显著的提高,疲劳寿命提高到175％～428％。这些重要结果对激光冲击改性处理技术的实际应用具有指导性作用。     

二代高温超导带材的机械特性研究进展

以 YBCO(YBa2Cu3 O7 -δ ) 为代表的二代高温超导带材因具有高临界转变温度、 高临界磁场和强载流能力,受到了国际学界高度关注, 在各个领域具有广泛的应用前景. 二代高温超导带材在绕制、 冷却和运行过程中会受到不同来源的外力作用, 且超导带材的韧性、 延展性较差, 因此其机械性能是影响安全性与设备运行可靠性的关键.本文基于二代超导带材各向异性的特点, 对超导带材轴向、 横向、 弯曲三个方向的静态机械性能及疲劳性能进行了介绍. 同时, 也对超导带材各方向机械性能的测试方法、 影响因素及机理进行了总结     

Fatigue Crack Nucleation at Σ3(1 1 2) Boundary in a Ferritic Stainless Steel

The effect of a geometrical relationship between a grain boundary (GB) plane and a tensile axis on intergranular fatigue cracking along 3(1 1 2) twin boundaries has been investigated in Fe-30%Cr alloy crystals. Fatigue experiments were carried out on the three kinds of the specimens containing the 3(1 1 2) twin boundary. It was found that the fatigue cracking behavior was sensitive to the geometry of the GB plane. In a specimen where both the GB plane and a slip vector lying in the GB plane in adjacent grains are inclined to the tensile axis at 45°, the fatigue cracks were nucleated preferentially along the twin boundary at a stress amplitude of 170 MPa. The specimen with the GB plane normal to the tensile axis showed that the fatigue crack was initiated from a slip band formed within a constituent grain at a stress amplitude of 300 MPa. When the GB plane was inclined to the tensile axis but the slip vector lying in the GB plane was normal to the tensile axis, development of additional slips formed perpendicular to the GB plane were observed at a specific site of the GB. Initiation of intergranular fatigue cracks at the site was recognized at a stress amplitude of 250 MPa. It can be suggested that the GB plane normal to the tensile axis provides the highest fatigue performance among them. The difference in the cracking property among these specimens could be understood in terms of the effective Schmid factor derived from elastically incompatible stress.     

Numerical Analysis of the Behaviour of Tooth Intrarradial Posts by the Finite Element Method

The aim of this work is to study the behaviour of a carbon/epoxi post housed in a canine tooth after endodontic treatment in order to support the typical loads present during mastication. The three-D basic design of the dental piece consisting of tooth + post was carried out with a three-dimensional parametric design program. We study the stresses and displacements of the different elements of the dental piece under normal load conditions, and present the results and conclusions.     

Luminescence and Electrical Properties of CdS Films Doped with Potassium and Sodium

CdS films, both pure and doped with the alkali metals Na and K, with Cl and without it, obtained by the aerosol pyrolysis method from thiourea coordination compounds at a temperature of 250 to 500°C are investigated. The photoluminescence spectra and the dependence of the luminescence intensity on the duration of exposure of samples to a high-power UV radiation have been obtained. The doping of samples results in a tenfold increase in the intensity of the luminescence band in the visible spectrum range (650–850 nm) as compared to pure samples of CdS. Upon irradiation of samples by high-power UV radiation for 1 h, no noticeable change in the intensity of luminescence of CdS films was observed. This is indicative of the stability of the films under study against the action of UV radiation. The luminescent properties of the films, obtained pyrolytically using thiourea coordination complexes, are determined by the synthesis conditions as well as by the chemical nature of the original substances. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 509–513, July–August, 2005.     

Cycle Range Distributions for Gaussian Processes Exact and Approximative Results

Wave cycles, i.e. pairs of local maxima and minima, play an important role in many engineering fields. Many cycle definitions are used for specific purposes, such as crest–trough cycles in wave studies in ocean engineering and rainflow cycles for fatigue life predicition in mechanical engineering. The simplest cycle, that of a pair of local maximum and the following local minimum is also of interest as a basis for the study of more complicated cycles. This paper presents and illustrates modern computational tools for the analysis of different cycle distributions for stationary Gaussian processes with general spectrum. It is shown that numerically exact but slow methods will produce distributions in almost complete agreement with simulated data, but also that approximate and quick methods work well in most cases. Of special interest is the dependence relation between the cycle average and the cycle range for the simple maximum–minimum cycle and its implication for the range distribution. It is observed that for a Gaussian process with rectangular box spectrum, these quantities are almost independent and that the range is not far from a Rayleigh distribution. It will also be shown that had there been a Gaussian process where exact independence hold then the range would have had an exact Rayleigh distribution. Unfortunately no such Gaussian process exists.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the cover date.