基于生态竞争方程的企业竞争动态演化研究

从生态学视角来研究企业竞争的动态演化已成为一个研究热点,针对现有研究文献中只讨论二维系统的不足,以三个企业之间的竞争为例,构造了企业间竞争的三维模型,运用微分方程稳定性理论分析其稳定性,并由此揭示出企业间竞争的动力学机制.数值仿真结果表明,该三维模型能有效地模拟企业间竞争的动态演化规律.     

Mechanism of multi‐metal(loid) methylation and hydride generation by methylcobalamin and cob(I)alamin: a side reaction of methanogenesis

Metal(loid)s are subject to many transformation processes in the environment, such as oxidation, reduction, methylation and hydride generation, predominantly accomplished by prokaryotes. Since these widespread processes affect the bioavailability and toxicity of metal(loid)s to a large extent, the investigation of their formation is of high relevance. Methanogenic Archaea are capable of methylating and hydrogenating Group 15 and 16 metal(loid)s arsenic, selenium, antimony, tellurium, and bismuth due to side reactions between central methanogenic cofactors, methylcobalamin (CH₃Cob(III)) and cob(I)alamin (Cob(I)). Here, we present systematic mechanistic studies on methylation and hydride generation of Group 15 and 16 metal(loid)s by CH₃Cob(III) and Cob(I). Pentavalent arsenical species showed neither methylation nor reduction as determined by using a newly developed oxidation state specific hydride generation technique, which allows direct determination of tri‐ and pentavalent arsenic species in a single batch. In contrast, efficient methylation of trivalent species without a change in oxidation state indicated that the methyl transfer does not proceed via a Challenger‐like oxidative methylation, but via a non‐oxidative methylation. Our findings also point towards a similar mechanism for antimony, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium. Overall, we suggest that the transfer of a methyl group does not involve a free reactive species, such as a radical, but instead is transferred either in a concerted nucleophilic substitution or in a caged radical mechanism. For hydride generation, we propose the intermediate formation of hydridocobalamin, transferring a hydride ion to the metal(loid)s. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The nature and dynamics of nonlinear excitations in conducting polymers. Polyaniline

The advantages of using the multifrequency (3-cm, 8-mm, and 2-mm) EPR method in combination with the modified method of spin label and spin probes and the methods of steady-state microwave saturation and microwave saturation transfer of spin packets in studies of the spin and electrodynamic properties of polyaniline are outlined. The methods of determining the composition of localized and delocalized paramagnetic centers and calculating their main parameters from total ESR spectra are described. Original results of investigations of polyaniline modified with sulfuric, hydrochloric, camphorsulfonic, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acids are reported. The dependences of the nature, electronic relaxation, dynamics of paramagnetic centers, and the charge-transfer mechanism on the method of synthesis, the structure of the acid molecule, and the polyaniline oxidation level are shown. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 205–230, February, 2000.     

Ab Initio Study on The Influence of Spin State upon Bonding and Interaction in Fe-COBondCovalenciesinR2BaCuO5(R=Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Y,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu)

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TeV能区物理的进展

综述近年各种TeV能量对撞机的计划和建造情况,TeV能区物理的理论研究进展和TeV能区物理的发展前景.     

Formation mechanisms of Si3N4 and Si2N2O in silicon powder nitridation

Commercial silicon powders are nitrided at constant temperatures (1453 K; 1513 K; 1633 K; 1693 K). The X-ray diffraction results show that small amounts of Si₃N₄ and Si₂N₂O are formed as the nitridation products in the samples. Fibroid and short columnar Si₃N₄ are detected in the samples. The formation mechanisms of Si₃N₄ and Si₂N₂O are analyzed. During the initial stage of silicon powder nitridation, Si on the outside of sample captures slight amount of O₂ in N₂ atmosphere, forming a thin film of SiO₂ on the surface which seals the residual silicon inside. And the oxygen partial pressure between the SiO₂ film and free silicon is decreasing gradually, so passive oxidation transforms to active oxidation and metastable SiO(g) is produced. When the SiO(g) partial pressure is high enough, the SiO₂ film will crack, and N₂ is infiltrated into the central section of the sample through cracks, generating Si₂N₂O and short columnar Si₃N₄ in situ. At the same time, metastable SiO(g) reacts with N₂ and form fibroid Si₃N₄. In the regions where the oxygen partial pressure is high, Si₃N₄ is oxidized into Si₂N₂O.     

Concurrent formation of two different type precipitation-free zones during the initial stage of homogenization

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to study the microstructure evolution of Al–Cu–Mg alloy during the initial stage of homogenization. It was found that two types of precipitation-free zones (PFZs) can form concurrently: one near grain boundaries and the other at the grain centres. Depth profile analyses of solute concentrations and dislocation-loop distributions strongly suggested that the formations of the two type of PFZs are different, due solely and exclusively to solute and vacancy depletion, respectively. A mechanism model was proposed to explain the concurrent formation of the two different type of PFZs during the initial stage of homogenization.     

Supramolecular separation mechanism of pentafluorophenyl column using ibuprofen and omeprazole as markers: LC‐MS and simulation study

The pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column is emerging as a new advancement in separation science to analyze a wide range of analytes and, thus, its separation mechanism at supramolecular level is significant. We developed a mechanism for the separation of ibuprofen and omeprazole using different combinations (ranging from 50:50 to 60:40) of water–acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. The column used was Waters Acquity UPLC HSS PFP (75 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). The reverse order of elution was observed in different combinations of the mobile phases. The docking study indicated hydrogen bonding between ibuprofen and PFP stationary phase (binding energy was −11.30 kJ/mol). Separation at PFP stationary phase is controlled by hydrogen bonding along with π–π interactions. This stationary phase may be used to analyze both aromatic and aliphatic analytes. The developed mechanism will be useful to separate various analytes by considering the possible interactions, leading to saving of energy, time and money. In addition, this work will be highly useful in preparative chromatography where separation is the major problem at a large scale. Moreover, the developed LC‐MS‐QTOF method may be used to analyze ibuprofen and omeprazole in an unknown sample owing to the low value of detection limits.     

邻硝基酚醚上的异常取代反应

以2-(2-硝基苯氧基)-1-溴乙烷或3-(2-硝基苯氧基)-1-溴丙烷为原料分别在氢化钠作用下与N-Boc-4-羟基哌啶反应,得到了与预期结构不同的产物.该产物的结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,LC-MS分析表明,其并非为原料2-(2-硝基苯氧基)-1-溴乙烷与N-Boc-4-羟基哌啶发生Williamson反应生成预期的混合醚,而是芳环上的烷氧基被取代的异常产物.根据这个实验结果,推测上述反应的可能机理是发生了芳环上的亲核取代反应.