Self-sustained oscillations of a confined impinging jet

The present paper investigates the dynamics of a laminar plane jet impinging on a flat plate in a channel. An experimental parametric study is carried out to determine the flow regimes at different levels of confinement and Reynolds numbers. For very confined jets, the flow is steady whatever the Reynolds number. The overall structure of the flow is symmetric with respect to the jet axis and is characterized by the presence of recirculation zones at the channel walls. The dynamics is radically different for less confined jets. Above a critical Reynolds number, the flow bifurcates in the form of an oscillating flapping mode of the impinging jet. Analyses of the experimental results provide with a quantitative characterization of this regime in terms of amplitude, wavelength and frequency. This self-oscillating bifurcated flow induces strong sweepings of the target plate by the jet and intense vortex dipole ejections from the impacted wall. Such a regime is expected to be particularly useful in the enhancement of the local heat transfer at relatively low cost in terms of flow rate.     

Solvent-free enantioselective conjugate addition and bioactivities of nitromethane to Chalcone containing pyridine

A series of chiral thioureas derived from quinine were tested as catalysts in the enantioselective Michael additions of nitromethane to α,β-unsaturated ketones containing pyridine. The best results were obtained with the bifunctional catalyst prepared from 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-aniline under solvent-free conditions. This thiourea promoted the reaction with high enantioselectivities and chemical yields for aryl ketones. The origins of enantioselectivity were further investigated via experiment and computation. Meanwhile, the products from our reaction showed potent antibacterial activities against rice bacterial leaf blight, with the S-enantiomer performing much better than the R-enantiomer. Given the promising bioactivity of this class of molecules, our work is expected to offer important applications in developing future generations for drug design.     

The profile control and displacement mechanism of continuous and discontinuous phase flooding agent

In order to further explore the profile control and displacement mechanism of continuous and discontinuous phase flooding agent, the concentration distribution mathematical model of microsphere dispersion system in different branch channels is established, and its particle phase separation is simulated by using microfluidic technology. On this basis, in order to research the migration and plugging characteristics of microspheres, the visualization experiments on micro oil displacement mechanism of polymer solution and microspheres are carried out. And the experiment on the injection, migration, and plugging performance of microspheres in the multi-point core is performed. Results indicate that microspheres are in the axis of the channel due to the effect of fluid shear stress, and preferentially enter the large channel with low resistance and high flow velocity, which results in no particle or few particles in the small aperture and low flow velocity channel. The microspheres have better migration and retention capacity in the core and their migration shows the characteristic of “fluctuating pressure change”. Compared with polymer solution, the alleviation of “entry profile inversion” and the better migration and plugging performance of microsphere dispersion system can realize deep fluid diversion and expand sweep volume.     

基于Ag3PO4的全固态Z型光催化体系研究进展

随着现代工业的迅猛发展,人类面临的能源危机和环境污染问题日益严重.光催化剂技术有望利用太阳能同时解决这两大问题,其关键在于设计高效的光催化体系.传统光催化材料TiO2具有价廉、活性高及稳定性好等优点,然而其带隙宽(Eg=3.2 eV),仅能利用占太阳光谱约4%的紫外光,从而限制其利用太阳能.可见光占太阳光谱的40%以上,因此开发可见光响应的光催化材料成为光催化领域研究焦点.2010年,叶金花课题组报道了Ag3PO4在可见光照射下可高效分解水产氧及降解水体中有机污染物,从而使其迅速成为研究热点.Ag3PO4是目前为止报道的光量子效率最高的可见光响应的催化材料,带隙能在2.3~2.5 eV范围内,其高效的光催化活性归结于其独特的电子结构利于光生电荷的分离及转移.然而,由于Ag3PO4本身易光蚀,稳定性差,必然限制其实际应用.近年来,为在进一步提升Ag3PO4活性的基础上增强稳定性,研究者通过多种方法对其进行修饰,包括贵金属沉积、碳材料修饰、负载及半导体异质复合等.相对于前面几种修饰方法,半导体复合相对高效且成本低.半导体复合主要构成II型异质结构和Z型光催化体系.II型异质结构由于内建电场的存在可以促进光生电荷的定向转移,从而提高光生电荷的分离效率,进而提高光催化活性.然而,这种电荷的定向迁移会降低光生电荷的氧化还原能力.模拟绿色植物的光合作用过程,一种全固态Z型光催化体系应运而生,其是将两种导带和价带位置匹配的可见光驱动的催化剂分别作为光催化系统I(PS I)和光催化系统II(PS II),同时选用导电性能优良的材料(Ag,Au和RGO等)作为电子介体.可见光照条件下,PS I和PS II均被激发产生电子和空穴,PS II导带上的电子通过电子介质与PS I价带空穴复合,一方面抑制了PS I和PS II本身电子和空穴的复合,另一方面保留了PS I导带电子的强还原性和PS II价带空穴的强氧化性.另外,PS I和PS II紧密结合形成具有准连续能级的固-固接触界面,PS II导带上的电子直接与PS I价带空穴复合,形成无电子介体的直接Z型光催化体系.Ag3PO4价带顶相对靠下,氧化能力强,往往作为PS II组分,其与导带顶相对靠上的催化剂(PS I)构成Z型体系,这样Ag3PO4导带电子可与PS I的价带空穴复合,减弱电子对Ag3PO4本身的还原,提高其稳定性;另一方面,Ag3PO4价带空穴可参与氧化反应.基于Ag3PO4的Z型体系主要以Ag作为电子介体,归因于在制备及光催化过程中原位产生的少量Ag可直接作为电子介体.此外,还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)也可作为电子介体,并且其存在可进一步提高Ag3PO4的稳定性.需要指出的是,基于Ag的等离子体共振效应,Ag3PO4基等离子体Z型光催化体系也受到关注.目前,Z型光催化体系处在发展阶段,必然存在一些问题,比如,II型异质光催化体系与直接Z型光催化体系如何区分,有待进一步研究.另外,报道的基于Ag3PO4的Z型体系主要用来光催化降解水体中的有机污染物,催化剂的回收再利用受到限制,今后可开发磁性Ag3PO4基Z型体系,解决回收再利用的问题;另外,通过能带调控,可将基于Ag3PO4的Z型体系多用于光催化产氢、还原CO2及处理有害气体.     

Mechanistic Insights into the Shear Effects on Isotactic Polypropylene Crystallization Containing β-Nucleating Agent

The crystalline structures and crystallization behaviors of iPP containing β nucleation agent TMB-5(iPP/TMB-5) were investigated by synchrotron radiation wide angel X-ray diffraction(SR-WAXD), differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) and polarized light microscope(PLM). It was found that α-crystallization lagged behind β-crystallization at normal temperatures, but the discrepancy reduced with increasing temperature. TMB-5 could not induce β-iPP when the nucleation agent is wrapped up with α-crystal that crystallized at high temperatures. The polymorphic composition of iPP/TMB-5 was susceptible to the introductory moment of shear. New crystallization process of β-nucleated iPP was proposed to understand the experimental phenomena which could not be explained by those reported in the literature. It was supposed that polymer crystallization initiated from mesophase, and the formations of iPP crystals involved the organization of helical conformation ordering within mesophase. It was proposed that the iPP melt contained mesophases with stereocomplex-type ordering of right-handed and left-handed helical chains which could be disturbed by shear or TMB-5, leading to different polymorphic structures.     

过渡金属磷化物的催化加氢脱硫机理研究进展

本文综述了含硫化合物在体相、负载以及改性的过渡金属磷化物催化剂上的加氢脱硫机理研究,讨论了催化剂的结构-活性之间的关系,以及不同类型磷化物对含硫化合物在催化剂上的反应路径的影响。同时,一些研究中不同阶段速率常数的计算让我们对反应步骤有了更深入的认识,并对含硫化合物在磷化物催化剂上的反应动力学和反应网络有了进一步了解,为新型磷化物深度加氢脱硫催化剂的开发和应用提供理论基础,具有重要的学术价值和普遍指导意义。     

托卡马克等离子体电子逃逸阈值实验研究

本文采用统计方法分析了HL-2A托卡马克装置上欧姆放电条件下的实验数据,根据硬X射线出现时刻的等离子体环电压、中心线平均等离子体电子密度等参数,计算出电子逃逸的实验阈值,并与初级产生机制下逃逸电子的理论阈值进行对比.实验数据表明逃逸电场阈值明显高于相对论碰撞理论预测,抑制电子逃逸现象的临界电子密度明显比理论预测的低.这与ITPA(International Tokamak Physics Activity)在D3D,TEXTOR,FTU,KSTAR等装置得出的实验结果吻合.针对逃逸现象出现时刻硬X射线增长率的实验研究发现初级产生机制下逃逸电子的增长率与电场强度大小成正比,与中心线平均等离子体电子密度成反比,此现象验证了通过减小环电压或提高等离子体密度的方法可以抑制电子逃逸现象.     

Light-Induced Reaction of Benzene with Carbonates

We found an ultraviolet (UV)-light induced formation of biphenyl and sodium benzoate from benzene and sodium carbonate. The reaction happens in the interface of benzene and aqueous solution at the room temperature. After 5 h of UV-light exposure, 11.4% of initial amount of 4.4 g (5.0 mL) benzene are converted to biphenyl and sodium benzoate, which are distributed in benzene and aqueous solution, respectively. Using density function theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT, we have investigated the mechanism of this light-induced reaction, and found that the sodium carbonate is not only a reactant for the formation of sodium benzoate, but also a catalyst for the formation of biphenyl.     

Performance and mechanisms of NaOH and ball-milling co-modified biochar for enhanced the removal of Cd2+ in synthetic water: A combined experimental and DFT study

A multifunction magnetic carbonaceous adsorbent (MBM/OH/BC) was synthesized by facile NaOH and ball-milling co-modified biochar, and applied for removing Cd²⁺ in water. The results showed MBM/OH/BC exhibited excellent adsorption capacity (183.59 mg/g for Cd²⁺), short equilibrium time (60 min) and good reusability (the declining efficiency <20% after four adsorption and desorption cycles) compared with pristine biochar. Meanwhile, the modification mechanisms of NaOH and ball-milling to biochar were explored by a series of characterizations (XRD, SEM-EDS, BET, XPS and FTIR, et al). The results indicated the remarkable adsorption performance of MBM/OH/BC was mainly attributed to the co-modification significantly increased the specific surface area, mineral content and cation exchange capacity of biochar, thereby further improving the precipitation, cation exchange and complexation with Cd²⁺. In addition, the results of adsorption mechanisms showed that the joint contribution proportion to the total adsorption capacity of precipitation, cation exchange and complexation was up to 90%, indicating the three mechanisms were the primary adsorption mechanism. To sum up, NaOH and ball-milling co-modification was an effective strategy to increase the adsorption capacity of the pristine biochar for heavy metals from water.     

岷江上游叠溪地震区斜坡变形破坏分区特征及其成因机制分析

以1933年岷江上游叠溪地震诱发的地面地质灾害基本特征入手,系统阐述了叠溪地震区斜坡变形破坏分区分带的 典型特征,归纳总结了高地震烈度区斜坡变形破坏的空间发育分布规律;重点从斜坡变形破坏分区特征与发震机制和应力场 的成生关系方面,分析探讨了叠溪地震区斜坡变形破坏分区特征的成因机制,阐明了1933年叠溪地震造成震区不同区带斜坡 变形破坏类型和变形破坏强烈程度差异之原因,充分揭示了内生地质作用对浅表生地质灾害的控制作用。