Multiple speeds of flame edge propagation for Lewis numbers above one

Edges of diffusion flames in a counterflow burner are examined numerically for Lewis greater than unity. When the speed of propagation is plotted against Damköhler for a range of Lewis a fold bifurcation is observed. It is shown that there exist stable positively and negatively propagating edges for some Damköhler and Lewis number pairs. It is further shown that changed local conditions can lead to a transition from positive (advancing into the unburnt gasses) to negative (receding) propagation.     

Identification and analysis of instability in non-premixed swirling flames using LES

Large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent non-premixed swirling flames based on the Sydney swirl burner experiments under different flame characteristics are used to uncover the underlying instability modes responsible for the centre jet precession and large scale recirculation zone. The selected flame series known as SMH flames have a fuel mixture of methane-hydrogen (50:50 by volume). The LES solves the governing equations on a structured Cartesian grid using a finite volume method, with turbulence and combustion modelling based on the localised dynamic Smagorinsky model and the steady laminar flamelet model respectively. The LES results are validated against experimental measurements and overall the LES yields good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental observations. Analysis showed that the LES predicted two types of instability modes near fuel jet region and bluff body stabilised recirculation zone region. The mode I instability defined as cyclic precession of a centre jet is identified using the time periodicity of the centre jet in flames SMH1 and SMH2 and the mode II instability defined as cyclic expansion and collapse of the recirculation zone is identified using the time periodicity of the recirculation zone in flame SMH3. Finally frequency spectra obtained from the LES are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed precession frequencies.     

Formation of double front detonations of a condensed-phase explosive with powdered aluminium

The performance characteristics of aluminised high explosive are considered by varying the aluminium (Al) mass fraction in a hybrid non-ideal detonation model. Since the time scales of the characteristic induction and combustion of high explosives and Al particles differ, the process of energy release behind the leading detonation wave front occurs over an extended period of time. Two cardinal observations are reported: a decrease in detonation velocity with an increase in Al mass fraction and a double front detonation (DFD) feature when anaerobic Al reaction occurs behind the front. In order to simulate the performance characteristics due to the varying Al mass fraction, the tetrahexamine tetranitramine (HMX) is considered as a base high explosive when formulating the multiphase conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy exchanges between particles and HMX product gases. While experimental studies have been reported on the effect of Al mass fraction on both gas-phase and solid-phase detonations, the numerical investigations have been limited to only gas-phase detonation for the varying Al particles in the mixture. In the current study, a two-phase model is utilised for understanding the volumetric effects of Al mass fraction in condensed phase detonations. A series of unconfined and confined rate sticks are considered for characterising the performance of aluminised HMX with a maximum Al mass fraction of 50%. The simulated results are compared with the experimental data for 5–25% mass fractions, and the higher mass fraction behaviours are consistent with the experimental observations.     

Front-Form Hamiltonian, Path Integral, and BRST Formulations of the Nonlinear Sigma Model

The nonlinear sigma model in one-space one-time dimension is considered on the light-front. The front-form theory is seen to possess a set of three first-class constraints and consequently it possesses a local vector gauge symmetry. This is in contrast to the usual instant-form theory, which is well known to be a gauge noninvariant theory possessing a set of four second-class constraints. The front-form Hamiltonian, path integral, and BRST formulations of this theory are investigated under some specific gauge choices.     

临界空穴扩张比准则的适用性

用新研制成的DE36平台钢制的轴对称和平面应变试样,进一步考察了临界空穴扩张比V_(Gi)准则[1]、[2]、[3]的适用性。实验和大应变有限元理论计算结果表明,V_(Gi)准则适用于所研究材料。文中指出,按V_(Gi)准则可根据试样或构件材料中V_G的发展变化来预起裂位置。     

基于解码技术的全息显微术研究

提出了一种利用解码技术对全息显微畸变图像进行校正的方法。把全息记录中的显微镜预放大过程作为物光波产生畸变的编码过程;在波前再现过程中,用全息记录中的预放大显微镜对再现的赝实像再次放大进行解码,从而获得清晰的全息显微图像。实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定血浆代用品中钾和钠

本文报道了火争原子吸收光谱法测定血浆代用品中钾，钠，使用镧和氯化铯，消除了电离干扰和共存元素干扰，本法简便，快速，本法的准确度和精密度均令人满意。     

Visualization of flameholding mechanisms in a supersonic combustor using PLIF

Laser-induced fluorescence of OH and CH₂O was imaged to investigate the flame stabilization mechanism in a flameholder with a Mach 2.4 free stream. Ethylene was burned in a rectangular cavity with two points of injection: the aft wall and the cavity floor. When injected from the aft wall, the fuel came into immediate contact with hot combustion products from the reaction zone under the shear layer. Primary combustion occurred under the shear layer and in the aft region of the cavity volume. In contrast, when fuel was injected from the floor, a jet-driven recirculation zone of hot products near the upstream wall of the cavity served as a flameholder. The reaction then occurred on the underside of the shear layer. In conditions near lean blowout, significant changes in the flameholding mechanisms were observed. Improved CH₂O fluorescence signal was obtained by taking advantage of the long fluorescence lifetime at low pressures and delaying the camera gate to reduce the background signal.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed flames using level-set G-equation

Level-set G-equation and stationary flamelet chemistry are used in large eddy simulation of a propane/air premixed turbulent flame stabilized by a bluff body. The aim was to study the interaction between the flame front and turbulent eddies, and in particular to examine the effect of sub-grid scale (SGS) eddies on the wrinkling of the flame surface. The results indicated that the two types of turbulence eddies—the resolved large scale eddies and the unresolved SGS eddies—have different effects on the flame. The fluctuation of the flame surface, which is responsible for the broadening of the time averaged mean flame brush by turbulence, depends on the large resolved turbulence eddies. Time averaged mean flow velocity, temperature, and major species concentrations mainly depend on the large scale resolved eddies. The unresolved SGS eddies contribute to the wrinkling at the SGS level and play an important role in the enhancement of the propagation speed of the resolved flame front. In addition, the spatially filtered intermediate species, such as radicals, and the spatially filtered reaction rates strongly depend on the small SGS eddies. The asymptotic behavior of flame wrinkling by the SGS eddies, with respect to the decrease in filter size and grid size, is investigated further using a simplified level-set equation in a model shear flow. It is shown that to minimize the influence of the SGS eddies, fine grid and filter size may have to be used.     

Theoretical and experimental studies on mesoscale flame propagation and extinction

Mesoscale flame propagation and extinction of premixed flames in channels are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Emphasis is placed on the effect of wall heat loss and the wall–flame interaction via heat recirculation. At first, an analytical solution of flame speed in mesoscale channels is obtained. The results showed that channel width, flow velocity, and wall thermal properties have dramatic effects on the flame propagation and lead to multiple flame regimes and extinction limits. With the decrease in channel width, there exist two distinct flame regimes, a fast burning regime and a slow burning regime. The existence of the new flame regime and its extended flammability limit render the classical quenching diameter inapplicable. Furthermore, the results showed that at optimum conditions of flow velocity and wall thermal properties, mesoscale flames can propagate faster than the adiabatic flame. Second, numerical simulation with detailed chemistry demonstrated the existence of multiple flame regimes. The results also showed that there is a non-linear dependence of the flame speed on equivalence ratio. Moreover, it is shown that the Nusselt number has a significant impact on this non-linear dependence. Finally, the non-linear dependence of flame speed on equivalence ratio for both flame regimes is measured using a C₃H₈–air mixture. The results are in good agreement with the theory and numerical simulation.