秸秆超(亚)临界水预处理与水解技术

秸秆的资源化特别是乙醇化技术由于其技术可行性和产物高值化受到了广泛关注。预处理与水解是乙醇化的关键过程。目前针对秸秆的转化已经开展了多种化学或生物技术的研究,其中超（亚）临界技术与传统技术相比显示了独特的优势,如更高的反应速率、不需催化剂、无产物抑制等。本文在总结秸秆传统预处理与水解技术的基础上,对秸秆超（亚）临界水预处理与水解的过程和机理,特别是超临界亚临界组合技术的研究现状、工艺及其相关研究的进展进行了综述和分析,并阐述了超临界亚临界组合技术首先在超临界水中打破纤维结构进行初级水解,再通过亚临界反应将初级水解产物低聚糖进一步水解为葡萄糖的基本原理。最后对超（亚）临界技术在秸秆资源化领域的研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

Discriminating Bacterial Infection from Other Causes of Fever Using Body Temperature Entropy Analysis

Body temperature is usually employed in clinical practice by strict binary thresholding, aiming to classify patients as having fever or not. In the last years, other approaches based on the continuous analysis of body temperature time series have emerged. These are not only based on absolute thresholds but also on patterns and temporal dynamics of these time series, thus providing promising tools for early diagnosis. The present study applies three time series entropy calculation methods (Slope Entropy, Approximate Entropy, and Sample Entropy) to body temperature records of patients with bacterial infections and other causes of fever in search of possible differences that could be exploited for automatic classification. In the comparative analysis, Slope Entropy proved to be a stable and robust method that could bring higher sensitivity to the realm of entropy tools applied in this context of clinical thermometry. This method was able to find statistically significant differences between the two classes analyzed in all experiments, with sensitivity and specificity above 70% in most cases.     

图像局部熵用于小目标检测研究

分析了局部熵用于小目标检测时造成目标范围扩散等问题的原因,并提出了熵增长方法.该方法用于点目标检测可避免发生目标范围扩散现象.由于边缘纹理和点目标在熵增长处理过程中表现出截然相反的属性,故可避免边缘纹理对于小目标检测产生的严重干扰.该方法也可用于不受噪声干扰的边缘检测.针对相同信噪比目标在不同背景亮度中具有不同熵值和增长量的问题,提出用方差增长替代熵增长,使相同信噪比目标在不同背景亮度中表现出相同的增长量值,降低了后续目标分割的难度.试验表明,熵增长方法和方差增长方法能够有效检测1或2像素大小的点目标,并不受背景中边缘纹理的干扰.对算法的复杂度进行了分析,并提出采用双通道并行流水线方式实现工程化的设计思路.     

基于洗涤品生产的化工实训课程设计*

为适应地方院校应用型转型发展的要求,结合化工专业特色,设计了基于洗涤品生产的校内化工实训课程。该课程内容丰富、可操作性强。内容涵盖了配方设计、小试实验、生产操作、产品罐装、性能测试、安全教育等环节。课程采用教、学、做、产一体化的教学模式,运行效果显著,可激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的科研思维与实践创新能力。     

塑料薄膜撕扯实验在聚合物教学中的应用及讨论

结合新课标要求,揭示塑料薄膜撕扯实验在聚合物教学中的重要性、必要性。通过教学片段设计,发展学生“宏观辨识与微观探析、证据推理与模型认知”化学学科核心素养,并让学生认识物质的性能不仅取决于结构,也取决于生产工艺。并对人教版初、高中化学教材和教参中相关问题展开讨论和解释,以期更好地服务教学。     

Radiochemistry,Production Processes,Labeling Methods,and ImmunoPET Imaging Pharmaceuticals of Iodine-124

Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, ¹²⁴I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, production processes of ¹²⁴I, various ¹²⁴I-labeling methodologies for large biomolecules, mAbs, and the development of ¹²⁴I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for various cancer targets in preclinical and clinical environments. A summary of several production processes, including ¹²³Te(d,n)¹²⁴I, ¹²⁴Te(d,2n)¹²⁴I, ¹²¹Sb(α,n)¹²⁴I, ¹²³Sb(α,3n)¹²⁴I, ¹²³Sb(³He,2n)¹²⁴I, ^natSb(α, xn)¹²⁴I, ^natSb(³He,n)¹²⁴I reactions, a detailed overview of the ¹²⁴Te(p,n)¹²⁴I reaction (including target selection, preparation, processing, and recovery of ¹²⁴I), and a fully automated process that can be scaled up for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) production of large quantities of ¹²⁴I is provided. Direct, using inorganic and organic oxidizing agents and enzyme catalysis, and indirect, using prosthetic groups, ¹²⁴I-labeling techniques have been discussed. Significant research has been conducted, in more than the last two decades, in the development of ¹²⁴I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for target-specific cancer detection. Details of preclinical and clinical evaluations of the potential ¹²⁴I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals are described here.     

Characterization of Different Salt Forms of Chitooligosaccharides and Their Effects on Nitric Oxide Secretion by Macrophages

In this paper, chitooligosaccharides in different salt forms, such as chitooligosaccharide lactate, citrate, adipate, etc., were prepared by the microwave method. They were characterized by SEM, FTIR, NMR, etc., and the nitric oxide (NO) expression was determined in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that pure chitooligosaccharide was an irregular spherical shape with rough surface, and its different salt type products are amorphous solid with different honeycomb sizes. In addition to the characteristic absorption peaks of chitooligosaccharides, in FTIR, the characteristic absorption of carboxyl group, methylene group, and aromatic group in corresponding acid appeared. The characteristic absorption peaks of carbon in carboxyl group, hydrogen and carbon in methyl, methylene group, and aromatic group in corresponding acid also appeared in NMR. Therefore, the sugar ring structure and linking mode of chitooligosaccharides did not change after salt formation of chitooligosaccharides. Different salt chitooligosaccharides are completely different in promoting NO secretion by macrophages, and pure chitooligosaccharides are the best.     

Dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubble during expansion over sharp-edge geometry submerged in liquid – an inside view by diffuse illumination

Laser ablation in liquids is growing in popularity for various applications including nanoparticle production, breakdown spectroscopy, and surface functionalization. When laser pulse ablates the solid target submerged in liquid, a cavitation bubble develops. In case of “finite” geometries of ablated solids, liquid dynamical phenomena can occur inside the bubble when the bubble overflows the surface edge. To observe this dynamics, we use diffuse illumination of a flashlamp in combination with a high-speed videography by exposure times down to 250 ns. The developed theoretical modelling and its comparison with the experimental observations clearly prove that this approach widens the observable area inside the bubble. We thereby use it to study the dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubble during its expansion over a sharp-edge (“cliff-like” 90°) geometry submerged in water, ethanol, and polyethylene glycol 300. The samples are 17 mm wide stainless steel plates with thickness in the range of 0.025–2 mm. Bubbles are induced on the samples by 1064-nm laser pulses with pulse durations of 7–60 ns and pulse energies of 10–55 mJ. We observe formation of a fixed-type secondary cavity behind the edge where low-pressure area develops due to bubble-driven flow of the liquid. This occurs when the velocity of liquid overflow exceeds ~20 m s⁻¹. A re-entrant liquid injection with up to ~40 m s⁻¹ velocity may occur inside the bubble when the bubble overflows the edge of the sample. Formation and characteristics of the jet evidently depend on the relation between the breakdown-edge offset and the bubble energy, as well as the properties of the surrounding liquid. Higher viscosity of the liquid prevents the generation of the jet.     

A Singular Limit Problem for Conservation Laws Related to the Camassa–Holm Shallow Water Equation

We consider a shallow water equation of the Camassa–Holm type, which contains nonlinear dispersive effects as well as fourth order dissipative effects. We prove that as the diffusion and dispersion parameters tend to zero, with a condition on the relative balance between these two parameters, smooth solutions of the shallow water equation converge to discontinuous weak solutions of a scalar conservation law. The proof relies on deriving suitable a priori estimates together with an application of the compensated compactness method in the L ^p setting.     

Is the US stock market becoming weakly efficient over time? Evidence from 80-year-long data

We propose a degree of market efficiency in terms of entropy concepts. The relative efficiency for the US stock market varies over time from 1929 to 2012, with a slight decline in the past 10 years.