Effects of uniaxial stress on dielectric properties of lithium modified potassium sodium niobate ceramics

In this work, the solid solution of ((K_0.5Na_0.5)_1−xLi_x)NbO₃ ceramics with x=0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 was prepared by a conventional mixed-oxide and solid-state sintering method. The structural phase formation and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy. The ceramics were identified by XRD as a single-phase perovskite structure with symmetry gradually changing from orthorhombic to tetragonal. The grain size and the optimum density of the sintered ceramics were noticeably compositional-dependent. The dielectric properties of the ((K_0.5Na_0.5)_1−xLi_x)NbO₃ ceramics under the uniaxial compressive stress were observed at stress up to 180 MPa. The results showed that the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent increased with applied stress. The change in the dielectric properties with stress was seen to depend on the composition and grain size. The observations were interpreted in terms of the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the changes in dielectric properties upon the applied compressive stress.     

Toward the controlled production of oligoesters by microwave-assisted degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s

The degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) could be performed in a rapid, inexpensive and straightforward way via microwave irradiation with good potential for further scale-up. One such degradation was compared to that induced by conventional heating at 190 °C. The experimental results showed that PHA oligomers with varying molar masses, characterized by a terminal crotonic double bond and a carboxyl group on the other chain end, could be effectively obtained from native PHAs in the bulk by both degradation approaches. The kinetics of PHA oligomer production was monitored by size exclusion chromatography and ¹H NMR. The influence of temperature as well as microwave irradiation time and power was investigated, and the optimal conditions of degradation are described. It turned out that this treatment was much more efficient than a conventional thermally-induced degradation, as oligomers with similar molar masses were formed with an about 100 times faster rate corresponding to very short irradiation times (maximum 15 min). Two microwave-assisted procedures could be advantageously used: an irradiation with constant temperature was appropriate to afford PHA oligomers with molar masses lower than 1000 g.mol⁻¹ and high yields, while irradiation under constant power was more convenient to provide oligoesters with higher molar masses.     

The application of conventional photolithography to microscale organic resistive memory devices

We demonstrate the application of conventional photolithography to fabricate organic memory devices in an array structure with a cell area of 4 × 4 μm² without damaging the underlying organic memory layer. Applying photolithography to organic electronic devices is not trivial because the solvents used during lithography may dissolve and damage the previously coated organic layers. The application of photolithography to our organic devices was possible because of the introduction of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) onto the memory active layer, where PMMA functions as a buffer layer to prevent dissolution of the PVA layer during developing process, and PVA acts as a striped layer during metal lift-off process. Embedded Al bottom electrodes were particularly constructed to minimize the switching failure. The completed organic memory devices exhibited typical unipolar switching behavior and excellent memory performance in terms of their statistical memory parameters (ON and OFF currents and threshold voltages), ON/OFF ratio (>10²), endurance (>230 cycles), and retention (>10⁴ s). This convenient photolithography patterning technique is applicable for the further scaling of many types of organic devices.     

含水合物沉积物三轴剪切试验与损伤统计分析

天然气水合物开采诱发水合物分解,削弱水合物地层强度,可能导致地层滑动和生产平台倒塌等工程地质灾害,对水合物开采安全性构成严重威胁.深入理解含水合物沉积物力学性质并建立合理的本构关系模型是水合物开采安全性评价的前提条件.在自主研发的含水合物沉积物力学性质测试实验装置上,采用饱和水海砂沉积物气体扩散法制备了含水合物沉积物样品,并开展了系列的排水三轴剪切试验,通过时域反射技术实现了样品中水合物饱和度的实时在线测量;基于复合材料的罗伊斯(Reuss)应力串联模型和沃伊特(Voigt)应变并联模型提出了含水合物沉积物等效弹性模量的细观力学混合律模型,结合损伤统计理论和摩尔-库伦破坏准则改进了含水合物沉积物的本构关系模型.结果表明:随着水合物饱和度的增加和有效围压的减小,应力-应变曲线由应变硬化型变为应变软化型,割线模量和峰值强度均随水合物饱和度与有效围压的增加而提高,黏聚力受水合物饱和度影响明显,而内摩擦角基本不变;提出的等效弹性模量细观力学混合律模型与改进的本构关系模型均具有良好的适用性,模型参数少且物理意义明确.      

弱动力扰动对花岗岩圆形隧洞岩爆影响的试验研究

为探究弱动力扰动对岩爆的影响,利用高压伺服动真三轴试验机,对含预制圆形贯穿孔洞的红色中粗晶粒立方体花岗岩试样进行弱动力扰动荷载条件下的岩爆模型试验,模拟隧洞洞壁围岩的岩爆弹射破坏过程,并采用声发射系统和视频观测系统对其进行监测、记录。基于无扰动、高应力下开始施加扰动和低应力下开始施加扰动3种加载路径的试验数据,从岩爆弹射破坏、岩爆坑破坏形态、声发射信号特征及岩爆烈度4个方面,详细分析弱动力扰动条件下的岩爆特征。研究结果表明：弱动力扰动会降低洞壁围岩发生岩爆时所需要的应力水平,增大岩爆破坏发生的范围。高应力下开始施加的扰动荷载会促进最终岩爆快速发生;而在低应力下开始施加的扰动荷载,岩爆的发生过程较为缓慢。相比与静应力条件下的岩爆,高应力下开始施加扰动触发的岩爆更剧烈,低应力下开始施加扰动触发的岩爆剧烈程度较弱。这主要是因为在高应力下开始施加的扰动对能量释放起到了激发和放大的作用,低应力下开始施加的扰动对能量释放仅起到激发的作用。

     

用常规气象参数估算光学湍流廓线方法的比较

 采用美国SPARC数据中心提供的高分辨率无线电探空数据,运用Tatarski公式,对由外尺度或湍流能量耗散率结合常规气象参数估算的折射率结构常数结果进行了比较,间接证明了Sterenborg将外尺度选取1 m时的合理性。并比较了Coulman和Dewan两个外尺度经验公式估算的折射率结构常数。对比分析表明：利用外尺度或湍流能量耗散,结合常规气象参数,都能够估算出折射率结构常数。因湍流能量耗散率观测十分困难,该方法的合理性和代表性需待实验检验。Coulman的外尺度公式只是简单的经验公式,其普适性也需实验检验。而Dewan的外尺度公式中含有实测风速参数,由对流层和平流层不同区域的外尺度公式估算的折射率结构常数相对合理。     

X波段高功率相对论速调管放大器研究

为进一步提高X波段相对论速调管放大器的输出功率,采用理论分析与粒子模拟的方法对双群聚腔级联式相对论速调管放大器进行了研究。分析了提高注入腔对注入微波吸收效率的方法,分析了群聚腔调制能力与腔体模式、Q值等参数的关系,分析了输出腔提取效率与Q值的关系。在三维粒子仿真中,设计了模式反射器抑制TEM模式泄露与杂模振荡,得到了功率超过2.5 GW,频谱纯净,频率锁定为8.40 GHz,输出输入微波相位差稳定,抖动不超过2°的高功率微波输出。     

三轴剪切条件下冻结粉质粘土变形特性的细观机理分析

利用计算机断层扫描技术(CT)对冻土在三轴剪切过程中的结构变化进行了动态测试.通过对CT图像及CT数的分析发现,冻结粉质粘土在三轴剪切过程中和蠕变过程一样存在结构的弱化和强化现象,孔洞几何特征的改变和孔洞的长大与联合、土粒与土粒、土粒与冰粒之间的相互错动以及滑移是冻土粘塑性变形发展的重要原因.冻土的结构损伤主要发生在冻土屈服之后,这部分损伤不能用CT数的变化来定量计算.     

高能材料动态力学性能的研究

采用自制的高能材料动静态变温三轴、单轴压缩试验装置、在熔点以下温度,以及在中等应变速率（２～４／ｓ）和准静态（３１０￣（－３）／ｓ）条件下测试了ＴＮＴ材料三轴、单轴压缩力学性能参数。试验结果表明,ＴＮＴ材料具有明显的应变率相关和热软化效应。在单轴压缩条件下,ＴＮＴ材料是脆性破坏,断裂强度小于屈服极限;在三轴压缩条件下,试件有较大的塑性变形。根据试验结果拟合了ＴＮＴ材料随着加载速率和环境温度变化的本构关系,分析表明该本构关系可以很好地描述材料的应变率、温度效应。     

三轴SHPB冲击作用下岩石破坏机理的研究

本文应用三轴SHPB高速冲击试验机对岩石试体进行三向应力状态（对试件施加围压2=3和冲击应力1）下的冲击试验,分析研究岩石的破坏机理。由试验结果对三轴状态下岩石的破坏类型进行分类,分析其内部受力状况;得出岩石动态破坏强度,画出动态三轴、动态单轴和静态单轴的破坏强度比较曲线。通过对破坏类型的分析,以最大剪应力条件建立岩石的破坏判据,建立三轴动态破坏强度、单轴动态破坏强度与围压的关系式。