On variational principles for coherent vortex structures

Different approaches are discussed of variational principles characterizing coherent vortex structures in two-dimensional flows. Turbulent flows seem to form ordered structures in the large scales of the motion and the self-organization principle predicts asymptotic states realizing an extremal value of the energy or a minimum of enstrophy. On the other hand the small scales take care of the increase of entropy, and asymptotic results can be obtained by applying the theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics.     

LIF喷流混合流浓度场定量测量

本文介绍激光诱导荧光(LIF)的瞬时浓度场定量测量技术,采用了CCD图象采集处理系统和低浓度简化校正技术等,讨论了喷流混合流浓度场测量的初步结果。     

Vibrational Convection in Nontranslationally Oscillating Cavity (Isothermal Case)

The average motion of an isothermal fluid in a cylindrical square-cross-section cavity performing rotational oscillations about the axis of symmetry is investigated experimentally. The structure of the vibration flow, its stability and laws of transformation are studied as functions of the dimensionless frequency on an interval embracing the regions of extremely low and extremely high frequencies.     

Strain-rate history effects and microstructural aspects in lithium fluoride and aluminium single crystals after dynamic loading

Single crystals of LiF and Al are deformed in shear at a number of constant strain-rates in the range 10^–4 to 1600 s^–1. These constant rate tests are supplemented by a series of jump tests in which a sharp increment in strain rate is imposed during the quasi-static straining. Dislocation arrangements are observed by etch-pits technique for LiF crystals and by TEM for Al crystals. It is shown that cell sizes vary inversely with flow stress and strain-rate sensitivity.     

Secondary loss generation by gas turbine support struts

Short cylindrical struts are commonly employed to carry services across the annular flow passages of gas turbines and to provide mechanical support. Velocity variations along the span of the strut will be large and secondary flow becomes important. For bluff bodies, boundary layer separation tends to be fixed close to the maximum thickness of the strut, or any sharp edges, so that secondary flow effects have only a minor influence on wake formation. In the case of more streamlined shapes, the effect of Reynolds number and freestream turbulence level on boundary layer growth are much more significant. Moreover, the secondary flows generated by the interaction between the strut cross-section and the end-wall boundary layers may influence the position of separation, thus changing the distributions of pressure on the strut surface and in the wake. These modifications lead to large variations in the total drag force experienced by the strut. A recent wind tunnel investigation is described in which wake pressure measurements have been used to determine the additional losses produced by the secondary flow generation. Experiments have been performed on isolated struts for both circular and streamlined cross-section over a range of Reynolds number, aspect ratio and thickness-to-chord ratio. A principal finding is that the results for the streamlined struts may be reduced to a correlation which embraces the effects of cross-sectional geometry as well as the end-wall boundary layer thickness, the Reynolds and the Mach numbers.     

Investigation of Modeling for Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion

A method for predicting filtered chemical species concentrations and filtered reaction rates in Large-Eddy Simulations of non-premixed, non-isothermal, turbulent reacting flows has been demonstrated to be quite accurate for higher Damköhler numbers. This subgrid-scale model is based on flamelet theory and uses presumed forms for both the dissipation rate and subgrid-scale probability density function of a conserved scalar. Inputs to the model are the chemistry rates, the Favre-filtered scalar, and its subgrid-scale variance and filtered dissipation rate. In this paper, models for the filtered dissipation rate and subgrid-scale variance are evaluated by filtering data from 5123-point Direct Numerical Simulations of a single-step, isothermal reaction developing in the isotropic, incompressible, decaying turbulence field of Comte-Bellot and Corrsin. Both the subgrid-scale variance and the filtered dissipation rate models (the sub-models) are found to be reasonably accurate. The effect of the errors introduced by the sub-models on the overall model is found to be small, and the overall model is shown to accurately predict the spatial average of the filtered species concentrations over a wide range of times.     

On the fiber orientation in steady recirculating flows involving short fibers suspensions

In this work we present a new numerical strategy to treat the 3D Fokker–Planck equation in steady recirculating flows. This strategy combines some ideas of the method of particles, with a more original treatment of the periodicity condition, which characterizes the steady solution of the FP equation in steady recirculating flows, as usually encountered in some rheometric devices. Using this numerical technique the fiber orientation distribution can be computed accurately in any steady recirculating flow. The simulation results can be used to identify some rheological parameters of the suspension, using an inverse technique, as well as to analyze the validity of some simplified models widely used, which require a closure relation. Thus, in this paper several closure relations of the fourth-order orientation tensor will be discussed in the context of a numerical example involving a steady recirculating flow.     

Interactions of particles and microbubbles with turbulence

Dilute, dispersed two-phase flows arise in many contexts ranging from solid particles or droplets in gas flows to bubbles in liquids. Many of the flows of interest are turbulent, which presents a complex problem to analyze or to determine the dominant physical processes contributing to the observed phenomena. Advances in experimental techniques have made it possible to measure directly turbulent and particle velocity fluctuations in dilute systems. This has provided a counterpart to advances in computational and analytical models and a basis on which to test these models. Three specific areas are considered: the fluctuating forces on an individual particle in an unsteady flow, the response of a solid particle to a turbulent air flow, and the corresponding response of a small bubble in turbulent liquid flows. Results from direct numerical simulations are presented for each of these, including the nonuniform distribution of particles generated by local instantaneous features of the flow. The issue of turbulence modulation at low to moderate void fractions is discussed.     

Heating of a Compressible Liquid by a Constant Heat Flux

Several variants of the problem of heating a compressible liquid by a timeindependent heat flux are numerically studied. It is shown that, after a certain time, the pressure everywhere behind the shock wave differs only little from some constant value. Approximate analytical formulas are obtained, which demonstrate independence of pressure of thermal conductivity and some other features of the relation between the pressure and the heatflux intensity. Several examples are given, which confirm the adequacy of formulas to numerical solutions of the problem.     

On the Linear Stability of Large Stefan Number Convection in Rotating Mushy Layers for a New Darcy Equation Formulation

The Coriolis effect on a solidifying mushy layer is considered. A near-eutectic approximation and large far-field temperature is employed in the current study for large Stefan numbers. The linear stability theory is used to investigate analytically the Coriolis effect on convection in a rotating mushy layer for a new formulation of the Darcy equation. It was found that a large Stefan number scaling allows for the presence of both the stationary and oscillatory modes of convection. In contrast to the problem of a stationary mushy layer, rotating the mushy layer has a stabilising effect on convection. It was observed that increasing the Taylor number or the Stefan number encouraged the oscillatory mode of convection.