多光谱成像技术诊断植物病虫害的人工神经网络模型

为了实现可靠的植物病虫害诊断,提出把人工神经网络和多光谱成像技术结合的方法,并将该方法用于常见的三种黄瓜病害的识别研究。在此基础上,实验采用窄带多光谱成像技术获取患病黄瓜叶面的14个可见光通道和近红外通道、全色通道的多光谱图像。利用BP网络对病斑样本的光谱信息进行学习分类。和14通道训练结果比较,增加850nm的近红外通道和全色通道,使网络的训练时间缩短、预测能力提高。实验结果表明,这种方法对植物进行快速、准确和非破坏性诊断提供可靠的技术支持。     

Chlorophyll‐Derived Yellow Phyllobilins of Higher Plants as Medium‐Responsive Chiral Photoswitches

The fall colors are signs of chlorophyll breakdown, the biological process in plants that generates phyllobilins. Most of the abundant natural phyllobilins are colorless, but yellow phyllobilins (phylloxanthobilins) also occur in fall leaves. As shown here, phylloxanthobilins are unique four‐stage photoswitches. Which switching mode is turned on is controlled by the molecular environment. In polar media, phylloxanthobilins are monomeric and undergo photoreversible Z/E isomerization, similar to that observed for bilirubin. Unlike bilirubin, however, the phylloxanthobilin Z isomers photodimerize in apolar solvents by regio‐ and stereospecific thermoreversible [2+2] cycloadditions from self‐assembled hydrogen‐bonded dimers. X‐ray analysis revealed the first stereostructure of a phylloxanthobilin and its hydrogen‐bonded self‐templating architecture, helping to rationalize its exceptional photoswitch features. The chemical behavior of phylloxanthobilins will play a seminal role in identifying biological roles of phyllobilins.     

Peptide mimotopes of phomopsins: Identification, characterization and application in an immunoassay

Peptide mimotopes of plant-associated toxins offer the potential for improving analytical and diagnostic methodologies as well as providing candidates for potential protective vaccines against plant poisoning diseases. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) C₃C₁₁, which recognizes the antimicrotubule phomopsin mycotoxins, was used to isolate peptide mimics of phomopsin A from a random 15-mer phage display peptide library. A total of 46 clones were isolated that showed specific reactivity with the mAb. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed four different types of mimotope sequences, all of which contained a common motif V-A-L/V-C. Of the 46 clones isolated, 44 contained the motif V-A-L-C while 2 contained the V-A-V-C motif. All four types of phage clones inhibited the reactivity of the mAb with phomopsin A in a competition ELISA. The clone with the mimotope sequence CT VALCNMYFGAKLD demonstrated the strongest binding. It was further shown that synthetic peptides containing these mimotope amino acid sequences were able to inhibit the mAb-phomopsin A interaction, indicating that the peptide mimotopes were responsible for the specific binding, independent of the phage framework. The results also suggest that the mimotope peptides bind to mAb C₃C₁₁ at the same site as phomopsin A. The application of recombinant phage particles carrying phomopsin mimotopes in immunoassay was evaluated and the results demonstrated approximately 100-fold increase in sensitivity in comparison with a conventional immunoassay using a chemically linked phomopsin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate.     

Speciation studies of nickel and chromium in wastewater from an electroplating plant

A speciation scheme involving the use of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPAdCSV) techniques was applied to studies of nickel and chromium in wastewater from a nickel-chrome electroplating plant. Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were employed as complexing agents for adsorptive voltammetric determination of Ni and Cr, respectively. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were determined by exploiting differences in their reactivity towards DTPA at HMDE. Total dissolved metal content was in the range 2906-3141 and 30.7-31.2 mg l⁻¹ for Ni and Cr, respectively. A higher percentage of the metal was present as labile species (mean value of 67.9% for Ni and 79.8% for Cr) suggesting that strongly binding ligands are not ubiquitous in the sample. About 77.8% of Cr was found to exist in the higher oxidization state, Cr(IV). Results on effect of dilution on lability of the metal forms in the sample using DPAdCSV showed slight peak shifts to a more negative (cathodic) value by −0.036 V for Ni and −0.180 V for Cr with a dilution factor of 100, while peak intensity (cathodic current) remained fairly constant.     

中国理论物理学家与生物学家结合的典范——回顾汤佩松和王竹溪先生对植物细胞水分关系研究的历史性贡献(上)

文章介绍了我国生物学家汤佩松先生和理论物理学家王竹溪先生42年前在植物生理学方面作出的一项具有重要历史意义的贡献．他们于1941年先于西方科学家二十多年提出解释植物细胞水分关系的热力学理论,首先引入了水势概念．然而这项贡献一直被埋没四十多年才得到承认．文章分析了汤佩松和王竹溪先生工作的内容、历史地位及其产生的背景,讨论了其在国内外的遭遇的原因及今日应当从中记取的教训．     

Long-term operation of a domestic wastewater treatment plant with membrane filtration

Possibilities of membrane technology and the use of membrane processes in wastewater treatment were investigated. The main focus was the monitoring of the starting phase of a domestic wastewater treatment plant. Experimental part of the study was realized at the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Devínska Nová Ves — Bratislava during the period from February 2005 to September 2006. The system was stable without any external chemical treatment of the membrane modules and the permeate quality was very high. Observed decrease of COD and BOD₅ values ranged between 91 % and 98 %. The process of nitrification was very successful considering its high efficiency (> 95 %). Presented at the 34th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 21–25 May 2007.     

含三唑与噻二唑Schiff碱的合成与植物激素活性研究

合成了10种三氮唑与噻二唑的新Schiff碱,讨论了它们的物理性质、UV、IR、1HNMR和元素分析.生物活性测试发现了一些化合物具有优良的植物激素活性,其中噻二唑的Schiff碱具有优良的生长素活性,而三唑的Schiff碱具有好的细胞分裂素活性和优异的生根性能.     

Innovative stabilization/solidification processes of fly ash from an incinerator plant of urban solid waste

Fly ash samples from an incineration plant of urban solid waste (USW) were submitted to a stabilization/solidification process based on encapsulation with a polyester resin. With this process, a very limited increase of about 25% in weight and a compressive strength as high as 1200 kg/cm² can be obtained. The efficiency of the process to stabilize/solidify the residues and to reduce the pollutant release was evaluated by performing both mechanical and leaching tests following the IRSA–CNR standard method. The leaching test was based on treating the sample with an acetic acid solution adjusted to pH 5.2 for 24 h under magnetic stirring. Toxic metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu) and organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs) were determined in raw fly ash samples and in the leaching solutions of treated samples. Raw residues showed higher concentrations of trace metals than the regulatory limits, whereas the stabilized/solidified residues showed a concentration of all the pollutants lower than the regulatory limits and a compressive strength much higher than the suggested minimum value. Finally, a critical comparison with conventional stabilization/solidification processes based on the use of Portland cement highlighted that the polyester resin-based process performed much better in terms of the release of both organic and inorganic pollutants, thus substantially lowering the environmental impact of these residues.     

Discrete stochastic location models

In this paper, we study how the two classical location models, the simple plant location problem and thep-median problem, are transformed in a two-stage stochastic program with recourse when uncertainty on demands, variable production and transportation costs, and selling prices is introduced. We also discuss the relation between the stochastic version of the SPLP and the stochastic version of thep-median.     

Ant colony optimization for power plant maintenance scheduling optimization—a five-station hydropower system

A number of algorithms have been developed for the optimization of power plant maintenance schedules. However, the true test of such algorithms occurs when they are applied to real systems. In this paper, the application of an Ant Colony Optimization formulation to a hydropower system is presented. The formulation is found to be effective in handling various constraints commonly encountered in practice. Overall, the results obtained using the ACO formulation are better than those given by traditional methods using engineering judgment, which indicates the potential of ACO in solving realistic power plant maintenance scheduling problems.