Aerodynamics of indirect thrust measurement by the impulse method

The aerodynamic aspects of indirect thrust measurement by the impulse method have been studied both experimentally and numerically. The underlying basic aerodynamic principle is outlined, the phenomena in subsonic, supersonic and arc-heated jets are explored, and factors affecting the accuracy of the method are studied and discussed. Results show that the impulse method is reliable for indirect thrust measurement if certain basic requirements are met, and a simple guideline for its proper application is given.     

关于指数率Logistic方程在无限柱体内的波前解的存在性

与一维空间中研究连接两个常数的波前解的存在性不同的是,本文建立了在多维无限长的柱体内连接两个曲面的单调行波解的存在性.相应的模型是一种具有指数率的Logistic方程.所用的方法是一种改进了的单调性方法.本文的研究结果对自然界中波的实际传播行为给出了有益的启示.     

Rumford and the Reflection of Radiant Cold: Historical Reflections and Metaphysical Reflexes

In this paper I examine the debate regarding the positive reality of cold: whether it is merely an absence of heat, or a quality or entity in its own right. Marc-Auguste Pictet stimulated this debate by showing that radiation from a cold object apparently could be focused by concave mirrors to cool another object some distance away from it. Pictet and other believers in material theories of heat, most notably Pierre Prevost, sought to understand this phenomenon as a result of the radiation of caloric in a peculiar arrangement. By contrast, Count Rumford saw in Pictet's experiment a genuine action of “frigorific rays,” and performed striking new experiments to support his view. For Rumford heat and cold radiation consisted in sound-like undulations in the ether, a mechanism compatible with his own vibration theory of heat, and discordant with the caloric theory. Rumford's strong arguments were overruled only because of the general dominance of the caloric theory of heat. However, Rumford did push the caloric theory to develop in a direction that eventually led to its downfall. I revisit this debate without preconceived notions of the metaphysical nature of cold and heat.     

Traveling wavefronts in diffusive and cooperative Lotka-Volterra system with delays

Existence of traveling wave front solutions is established for diffusive and cooperative Lotka-Volterra system with delays. The result is an extension of an existing result for delayed logistic scaler equation to systems, and is somewhat parallel to the existing result for diffusive and competitive Lotka-Volterra systems without delay. The approach used in this paper is the upper-lower solution technique and the monotone iteration recently developed by Wu and Zou (J. Dynam. Differential Equations 13 (2001) 651-687) for delayed reaction-diffusion systems without the so-called quasimonotonicity.     

Novel Wavefront Corrector for Adaptive Laser Resonator

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Free convection flow over a truncated cone embedded in a porous medium saturated with pure or saline water at low temperatures

Steady free convection boundary layer about a truncated cone embedded in a porous medium saturated with pure or saline water at low temperatures has been studied in this paper. The governing coupled partial differential equations are solved numerically using a very efficient finite-difference method. Several new parameters arise and the results are given for some specific values of these parameters. The obtained results for a Boussinesq fluid are compared with known results from the open literature and it is shown that the agreement between these results is very good.     

液体中激光等离子体冲击波波前传播特性研究及测试

将空气中球对称冲击波衰减波前传播公式推广到非完全中心对称情况，根据对光学阴影法对激光等离子体冲击波波前测试数据的计算分析，提出液体中点源激光等离子体冲击波旋转椭球面波前传播公式.并且用声学方法对水中和酒精中的激光等离子体冲击波波前进行实验测试，结果表明测试结果与计算公式相吻合. 关键词： 激光 等离子体冲击波 旋转椭球面     

Unconditionally Stable Methods for Hamilton–Jacobi Equations

We present new numerical methods for constructing approximate solutions to the Cauchy problem for Hamilton–Jacobi equations of the form u_t+H(D_xu)=0. The methods are based on dimensional splitting and front tracking for solving the associated (non-strictly hyperbolic) system of conservation laws p_t+D_xH(p)=0, where p=D_xu. In particular, our methods depend heavily on a front tracking method for one-dimensional scalar conservation laws with discontinuous coefficients. The proposed methods are unconditionally stable in the sense that the time step is not limited by the space discretization and they can be viewed as “large-time-step” Godunov-type (or front tracking) methods. We present several numerical examples illustrating the main features of the proposed methods. We also compare our methods with several methods from the literature.     

Fringe element reconstruction for front tracking for three‐dimensional incompressible flow analysis

Fringe element reconstruction technique for tracking the free surface in three‐dimensional incompressible flow analysis was developed. The flow field was calculated by the mixed formulation based on a four‐node tetrahedral element with a bubble function at the centroid (P1+/P1). Since an Eulerian approach was employed in this study, the flow front interface was advected by the flow through a fixed mesh. For accurate modelling of interfacial movement, a fringe element reconstruction method developed can provide not only an accurate treatment of material discontinuity but also surface tension across the interface. The effect of surface tension was modelled by imposing tensile stress directly on the constructed surface elements at the flow front interface. To verify the numerical approach developed, the developed algorithm was applied to two examples whose solutions are available in references. Good agreement was obtained between the simulation results and these solutions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High temperature properties of by-product cold bonded pellets containing blast furnace flue dust

In this investigation, the fundamental reactions occurring during the heat treatment of cold bonded pellets (CBP) comprised of iron and steelmaking by-products have been studied. Blast furnace (BF) flue dust, which contains fractions of coal and coke particles, has been included in the CBP blend as a source of solid reductant. Thermal analysis was performed on CBP samples in inert atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C/min in order to observe their high temperature properties, specifically, the mechanisms of self-reduction within CBPs. Both endothermic and exothermic reactions were observed during heating. The gases generated during thermal analysis were analyzed using a quadropole mass spectrometer (QMS). Furthermore, CBP samples heated to several different temperatures and quenched in argon were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results from this investigation demonstrate that the decomposition of hydrates and carbonates in CBP samples contribute, as gaseous intermediates, to an earlier reduction of contained iron oxides. The gaseous intermediates are responsible for an initial gasification of carbon contained in blast furnace flue dust leading to low temperature iron oxide reduction. The step-wise reduction of iron oxides in CBPs at the given conditions begins at ∼500 °C and is nearly completed at 1200 °C. This work can help to provide a fundamental understanding of the reduction characteristics of iron and steelmaking by-product agglomerates.