采用针孔照相法测量炮弹飞行姿态

测量炮弹的飞行姿态,特别是距炮口200米内的飞行姿态,是外弹道实验最重要的内容之一,因为飞行姿态与飞行稳定性及射击密集度的研究密切相关。当前,测量飞行姿态的方法有攻角纸靶、弹道靶道及高速摄影等。攻角纸靶简单、经济,但它对弹丸的运动有干扰,精度较低;弹道靶道能得到精确的飞行姿态数据,但必须建立一系列火花闪光照相站,耗费巨大;弹道同步照相及高速分幅照相也可测量姿态,但因精度较低,化费大,实际上没有得到广泛应用。 用在弹头上安装针孔照相机的方法,并借助一个频闪平行光源,能够直接记录攻角——时间变化曲线。此法比较简单、经济、精确,其缺点是需要回收射击的炮弹。     

Assessment of camera models for use in planar velocimetry calibration

The performance of three implementations of pinhole-based camera models for use in common light-sheet imaging arrangements is investigated on the background of application to particle image velocimetry (PIV) and Doppler global velocimetry (DGV). Calibration data obtained from translated planar calibration targets was found to yield camera attitude within 0.1° on four different test cases with object distance varying as little as 2% depending on the choice of camera model. Camera calibration using data from a single image of coplanar points is considered a viable alternative to manual triangulation of camera positions but is restricted to off-normal viewing directions.

Effect of field of view on the accuracy of camera calibration

A long focal length lens can improve the spatial resolution and capture more detailed information, so it has been considered for three-dimensional (3D) vision reconstruction. However, the field of view (FOV) will narrow with a long focal length lens. It is a general concept that it is extremely difficult to achieve high-accuracy calibration of a narrow FOV camera because of paraxial imaging. In this paper an in-depth study on this issue is conducted from the aspect of perspective deformation. First, the perspective deformation of a point is divided into three parts. Then, the noise immunity of each part under different FOVs is discussed to reveal the root cause of the difficulty in the calibration of narrow FOV cameras. It is found that the calibration accuracy could be generally maintained at the same level if the image noise is inversely proportional to the focal length. Simulations verify the correctness of the inferences of this study that are hoped to be helpful in overcoming this disadvantage of narrow FOV cameras.     

A fast and accurate calibration method for the structured light system based on trapezoidal phase-shifting pattern

Calibration plays an important part in the structured light system. It used to be regarded as time-consuming, expensive and hard to implement. In this paper, we introduce a novel and fast method to calibrate the structured light system by using the camera to control the projector to “capture” images. Firstly, we projected just six trapezoidal grayscale pattern to establish the corresponding pixel between the camera and the projector, then we converted the camera image to its corresponding projector image. Thus the structured light system can be easy controlled by the camera calibration. Experiments showed that the present calibration method is fast, easy and accurate.     

Calibration for stereo vision system based on phase matching and bundle adjustment algorithm

Calibration for stereo vision system plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. The existing accurate calibration methods are usually carried out by capturing a high-accuracy calibration target with the same size as the measurement view. In in-situ 3D measurement and in large field of view measurement, the extrinsic parameters of the system usually need to be calibrated in real-time. Furthermore, the large high-accuracy calibration target in the field is a big challenge for manufacturing. Therefore, an accurate and rapid calibration method in the in-situ measurement is needed. In this paper, a novel calibration method for stereo vision system is proposed based on phase-based matching method and the bundle adjustment algorithm. As the camera is usually mechanically locked once adjusted appropriately after calibrated in lab, the intrinsic parameters are usually stable. We emphasize on the extrinsic parameters calibration in the measurement field. Firstly, the matching method based on heterodyne multi-frequency phase-shifting technique is applied to find thousands of pairs of corresponding points between images of two cameras. The large amount of pairs of corresponding points can help improve the accuracy of the calibration. Then the method of bundle adjustment in photogrammetry is used to optimize the extrinsic parameters and the 3D coordinates of the measured objects. Finally, the quantity traceability is carried out to transform the optimized extrinsic parameters from the 3D metric coordinate system into Euclid coordinate system to obtain the ultimate optimal extrinsic parameters. Experiment results show that the procedure of calibration takes less than 3 s. And, based on the stereo vision system calibrated by the proposed method, the measurement RMS (Root Mean Square) error can reach 0.025 mm when measuring the calibrated gauge with nominal length of 999.576 mm.     

Assessment of High Speed Imaging Systems for 2D and 3D Deformation Measurements: Methodology Development and Validation

Ultra high-speed and moderate speed image acquisition platforms have been characterized, with special emphasis on the variability and accuracy of the measurements obtained when employed in either 2D or 3D computer vision systems for deformation and shape measurements. Specifically, the type of image distortions present in both single channel cameras (HS-CMOS) and multi-channel image intensified cameras (UHS-ICCD) are quantified as part of the overall study, and their effect on the accuracy of experimental measurements obtained using digital image correlation have been determined. Results indicate that established methods for noise suppression and recently developed models for distortion correction can be used effectively in situations where the primary intensity noise components are characterized by minimal cross-talk and stationary spatial distortions. Baseline uniaxial tension experiments demonstrate that image correlation measurements using high speed imaging systems are unbiased and consistent with independent deformation measurements over the same length scale, with point-to-point strain variations that are similar to results obtained from translation experiments. In this study, the point-to-point variability in strain using the image intensified system is on the order of 0.001, whereas the non-intensified system had variability of 0.0001. Results confirm that high speed imaging systems can be utilized for full field two and three-dimensional measurements using digital image correlation methods.

Coverage performance analysis of multi-camera networks based on observing reliability model

Coverage control is a fundamental problem in sensor networks, which has been explored thoroughly based on a traditional scalar sensing model. However, camera sensors are different from traditional scalar sensors as different cameras from different positions can form distinct views of the target. Hence, Target size and geometric structure of camera nodes can greatly influence the surveillance ability of a camera network. In view of this, a novel observation reliability model of a camera network is proposed, and relationship between surveillance ability and observing reliability for the target is studied. On the basis, a camera network coverage model which considers about obstacles and interesting area of the environment is investigated, and optimized by dynamic planning method. Simulation results show that our method can effectively improve the target capture rate of the network and also we can observe the target from a better view.     

关于照相物镜色贡献指数容限的讨论

关于照相物镜色贡献指数的国际标准于1983年公布。但是,关于色贡献指数(ISO/CCI)的容限仍保留在附录中,并以建议的形式给出。本文从色度学基本公式出发,对相应于容限范围内六个边缘点的照相物镜,计算了它们摄影效果的色度坐标。同时计算了它们和ISO标准照相物镜的摄影效果在均匀颜色空间的色差值。据此讨论了该容限的合理性,并提出把容限范围划分成两个区域的建议。     

相机内参量及像差系数与外参量的解耦标定方法

基于无穷远点与相机内参量关系,提出了一种相机内参量及像差系数与外参量解耦标定方法.首先,根据平面单应计算绝对二次曲线在像面的投影方程,线性求解相机内参量;然后,将重投影像点视为理想像点线性求解像差系数,并计算像点重投影误差;最后,将序列图像的平面单应作为待优化参量,以最小化像点重投影误差为目标函数,重复上述过程,输出最优的相机内参量和像差系数.在相同配置下,分别对本文方法和张正友平面靶板标定方法的标定准确度进行仿真与对比分析.基于不同姿态和位置的27幅棋盘格图片,分别利用这两种方法对相机内参量进行标定实验.实验结果表明:与张正友平面靶板标定方法相比,本文方法的标定准确度提高了至少1％;在实物实验中,张正友平面靶板标定方法和本文方法的重投影残差分别为0.064像素和0.008像素.