Towards a classification of models for the numerical simulation of premixed combustion based on a generalized regime diagram

The inner structure, and the physical behaviour of turbulent premixed flames are usually described, and classified by means of the regime diagram introduced by Borghi and Peters. Thereby properties related to both the flame and the (turbulent) flow are considered. In this work a diagram valid for all physical regimes, comprising suitable requirements for laminar simulations, direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and Reynolds averaging based numerical simulation (RANS) is proposed. In particular the diagram describes essential situations within the validity limits of the “Borghi, Peters diagram” which physical phenomena are resolved by the simulation, and which have to be modelled. This information is used for systematic classification of various models by suggesting specific models that are appropriate depending on the regime and numerical resolution, and may provide guidance for numerical simulation methods and model development in turbulent premixed combustion. This might help users as a guideline in choosing appropriate models for a given device, and numerical effort available. The regime diagram suggested by Pitsch and Duchamp de Lageneste, which includes DNS and LES by explicitely accounting for the numerical related variable filterwidth, emerges here as one of the special two-dimensional cases possible. In contrast to the generalized regime diagram, their diagram does not include laminar simulations, and RANS based considerations, while transition between wrinkled and corrugated flamelets is not clearly established.     

Exploration of fractal nature of WO3 nanowire aggregates

The morphology of WO₃ aggregates formed by irregular nanoparticles (D∼40 nm) and nanowires of different aspect ratios (2, 4, 6, and 10 μm nominal lengths) dispersed in commonly used polar solvents without dispersant agents is investigated using a small-angle light scattering technique and by means of fractal theory. Nanoparticles form compact spherical aggregates (D_f∼2.6), whereas 2 μm nanowires with low aspect ratio (L/D∼10) follow a slow cluster-cluster aggregation mechanism with no discernable change in fractal dimension (D_f=2.1) monitored in an extended period of 6 months, despite a notable growth in size (R_g=2.3-3.1 μm). For higher aspect ratio nanowires, scattered intensity profiles, which migrate towards the Porod regime, qualitatively obey the Lorenz-Mie theory predictions. The 10 μm nanowires with very high aspect ratio (L/D∼250) are observed to form stable dispersions in a time span of 6 days. Analytical methods based on spherical primary particle formulations predict D_f=1.9, 1.7, and 1.4 for 4, 6, and 10 μm nanowires, respectively.     

过渡区气体微尺度流动的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)对过渡区内的微尺度气体流动进行了模拟研究. 在已有滑移区微流动LBM模型中引入Knudsen层速度修正,选取合适的修正函数表达式并依据动理论确定了可调参数的合理取值. 在边界条件的处理格式上,采用了适合过渡区模拟的高阶滑移边界的替代格式来捕捉过渡区微流动的滑移速度,避免了直接求解高阶速度导数项的数值困难. 通过对两类不同的微流动进行模拟的结果表明:与数值解吻合得较好,尤其是对Kn>0.5微流动滑移速度的预测,与已有LBM的模拟结果相比有明显的提高.      

Flow and breakup characteristics of elliptical liquid jets

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on liquid jets discharging from elliptical orifices into still ambient air. The experiments were conducted with a set of elliptical orifices of approximately same area of cross section but varying orifice aspect ratio using water and water–glycerol mixture as experimental fluids. The flow behavior of liquid jets was analyzed using their photographs captured by an imaging system. The measurements obtained for the elliptical liquid jets were compared with the circular liquid jets discharging from a circular orifice of the same area of cross section. Elliptical geometry of the orifice results in a flow process by which the emanating liquid jet periodically switches its major and minor axes as it flows downstream of the orifice. In this paper, we attempt to characterize the axis-switching process through its wavelength and amplitude. For a given elliptical orifice, the axis-switching process is dominantly seen in a particular range of flow conditions. The effects of the orifice aspect ratio and liquid viscosity on the axis-switching process are revealed through this study. The experimental results on jet breakup show that axis-switching process has a destabilizing effect on elliptical liquid jets within a particular range of flow conditions and it results in shorter breakup lengths compared to the circular jet. The extent to which axis-switching destabilizes the jet is dictated by the viscosity of liquid. An increase in orifice aspect ratio destabilizes elliptical liquid jets with low viscosity like water; however, this behavior seems to get obscured in water–glycerol mixture elliptical jets due to high viscosity.     

Two-phase gas-liquid flow regimes for smooth and ribbed rectangular ducts

In this research, adiabatic two-phase air-water flow was investigated, and results for smooth and ribbed rectangular ducts are presented here. The test fluids were air and water at approximately atmospheric conditions. Three ribs of different heights were used; the rib width and pitch were held constant. The ribs were positioned in the duct at three different locations to establish three different conditions: on the bottom wall (water side), on the top wall (air side) and on both the top and bottom walls. The flow regimes in the smooth and ribbed ducts, which were recorded with a video camera, were classified as plug, stratified, slug and wavy flow. The location of the ribs in the duct did not alter the shape of the flow regimes, but the regime boundaries were considerably changed (repositioned). The effects of using ribs of different heights on regime boundaries are represented with flow map diagrams and discussed in detail. Compared to the smooth duct, the ribbed duct had different regime boundary positions. Increasing the rib height initiated hydrodynamical instability at lower fluid velocities. These findings are relevant for the operation and design of pipes, boilers and heat exchangers.     

Analysis of crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ether ketone)

An optical microscope equipped with a video photograph system was used to follow the growth of spherulites. Under nitrogen atmosphere, the growth rates at 290 and 300°C suggest that when the melt of PEEK has been equilibrated for 15 min at 400°C, the subsequent crystallization behavior was nearly independent of the prior thermal history. Linear growth rates of crystallization of PEEK have been measuredin the temperature range of 260–325°C for melt-pressed films and solvent cast films. Detailed kinetic analysis indicated that PEEK exhibited an unmistakable regime II → III transition at 296 ± 1°C. The II → III transition was clearly present irrespective of the rather drastic changes in U*. It is interesting that the branching and crosslinking retarded the growth rate of PEEK, but a transition from regime II to regime III still existed. For melt-pressed films after equilibration at 400°C for 15 min, values of σ and q suggest that U* should be taken nearer to 1500 cal/mol in the case of T_∞ = T_g − 30 K and 2000 cal/mol in the case of T_∞ = T_g − 51.6 K. The K_g(III)/K_g(II) ratio (1.32) was not as close to the predicted value of 2 as was Hoffman's ratio. For PEEK, the Thomas-Staveley constant (β) should be closer to 0.25 or 0.3 instead of 0.1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1335–1348, 1998     

Comparison of the Optical Connectivity Method to X-Ray spray measurements in the near field of a diesel injector

For diesel sprays, the primary breakup processes are only rarely understood due to the high optical density and the resulting difficulties to measure them with extremely high spatial and sufficient temporal resolution. The Optical Connectivity Method (OCM) has been proposed in the last years to allow the determination of the breakup length of the connected liquid core, thus giving a measurement quantity of the primary breakup. In this work, an improved optical setup of the OCM is applied to a three-hole test injector nozzle where several measurement techniques are compared currently under well-defined conditions up to 100?MPa injection pressure. In this work, the direct comparison with X-Ray measurements done at the Advanced Photon Source of the Argonne National Laboratory will be described. This allows an evaluation of the OCM technique and a comparison of the different measurement quantities in the first 500?µm range of the spray. The structure of the spray is measured by X-Ray phase contrast imaging and the fuel mass distribution is measured by X-Ray absorption imaging. A detailed comparison of the two X-Ray techniques and the OCM technique has been possible for the first time. It is found that the measurement data of the spray near field are very congruent with all three methods. Due to this comparison, the measurement of the non-perturbed length, which describes the distance from the nozzle orifice up to the point where the formation of surface disturbances is starting, by the OCM is validated for the first time. Within this non-perturbed length of the spray, the OCM signal is weak before it starts to illuminate from the scattering of the perturbed surface. Thus, the OCM technique can deliver two characteristic length scales, the non-perturbed length and the breakup length, characterizing the primary spray breakup.     

SiC单晶刻划过程的脆塑性转变特征研究

SiC单晶化学性能稳定、导热系数高、热膨胀系数小、耐磨性能好,广泛用于大功率器件产业.但由于其材料的硬度很大,加工非常困难.脆性材料塑性域加工为提高该类材料的表面质量,降低加工时间和成本提供了有效的途径.本文采用不同刀具角度和刀尖圆弧半径的单点金刚石刀具对4H-SiC单晶进行刻划实验,利用声发射、摩擦力传感器来监测刻划过程中声发射信号强度以及摩擦力的变化,并通过Leica DCM3D以及SEM观察划痕沟槽表面形貌、切屑状态,综合分析以获得4H-SiC单晶在不同角度、刀尖圆弧半径下塑脆转变的临界切削深度.结果表明,增大刀具角度有利于塑性域加工;在相同条件下,刀尖圆弧半径越大,临界切削深度越大.     

Investigation of the influence of oil film thickness on helical gear defect detection using Acoustic Emission

This paper reports an investigation into the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) for monitoring gear teeth defects under varying lubrication regimes in helical gears. The investigation used a back-to-back gearbox test-rig with oil-bath lubrication. Variation in oil film thickness was achieved by decreasing the gear metal temperature with nitrogen gas whilst the gears were in operation. Results demonstrate a clear relationship between AE activity, operating temperature and specific film thickness. In addition, results show that there are lubricating conditions that may prevent AE from identifying the presence of gear defects.