全文获取类型
收费全文 | 21853篇 |
免费 | 1520篇 |
国内免费 | 2133篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 17071篇 |
晶体学 | 280篇 |
力学 | 280篇 |
综合类 | 101篇 |
数学 | 4928篇 |
物理学 | 2846篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 20篇 |
2023年 | 222篇 |
2022年 | 330篇 |
2021年 | 394篇 |
2020年 | 515篇 |
2019年 | 950篇 |
2018年 | 607篇 |
2017年 | 857篇 |
2016年 | 647篇 |
2015年 | 763篇 |
2014年 | 899篇 |
2013年 | 1694篇 |
2012年 | 1304篇 |
2011年 | 1250篇 |
2010年 | 986篇 |
2009年 | 1261篇 |
2008年 | 1443篇 |
2007年 | 1270篇 |
2006年 | 1111篇 |
2005年 | 1026篇 |
2004年 | 1015篇 |
2003年 | 879篇 |
2002年 | 1028篇 |
2001年 | 631篇 |
2000年 | 582篇 |
1999年 | 468篇 |
1998年 | 440篇 |
1997年 | 384篇 |
1996年 | 327篇 |
1995年 | 312篇 |
1994年 | 270篇 |
1993年 | 216篇 |
1992年 | 213篇 |
1991年 | 141篇 |
1990年 | 137篇 |
1989年 | 120篇 |
1988年 | 105篇 |
1987年 | 83篇 |
1986年 | 65篇 |
1985年 | 74篇 |
1984年 | 75篇 |
1983年 | 40篇 |
1982年 | 49篇 |
1981年 | 57篇 |
1980年 | 50篇 |
1979年 | 46篇 |
1978年 | 31篇 |
1976年 | 18篇 |
1974年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 21篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
A new preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG)-based domain decomposition method is given for the solution of linear equations
arising in the finite element method applied to the elliptic Neumann problem. The novelty of the proposed method is in the
recommended preconditioner which is constructed by using cyclic matrix. The resulting preconditioned algorithms are well suited
to parallel computation. 相似文献
82.
Sharp upper and lower bounds are obtained for the reliability functions and the expectations of lifetimes of coherent systems based on dependent exchangeable absolutely continuous components with a given marginal distribution function, by use of the concept of Samaniego's signature. We first show that the distribution of any coherent system based on exchangeable components with absolutely continuous joint distribution is a convex combination of distributions of order statistics (equivalent to the k-out-of-n systems) with the weights identical with the values of the Samaniego signature of the system. This extends the Samaniego representation valid for the case of independent and identically distributed components. Combining the representation with optimal bounds on linear combinations of distribution functions of order statistics from dependent identically distributed samples, we derive the corresponding reliability and expectation bounds, dependent on the signature of the system and marginal distribution of dependent components. We also present the sequences of exchangeable absolutely continuous joint distributions of components which attain the bounds in limit. As an application, we obtain the reliability bounds for all the coherent systems with three and four exchangeable components, expressed in terms of the parent marginal reliability function and specify the respective expectation bounds for exchangeable exponential components, comparing them with the lifetime expectations of systems with independent and identically distributed exponential components. 相似文献
83.
Govindarajan Sankar A. Sultan Nasar 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2007,45(8):1557-1570
A series of substituted N‐methylaniline‐blocked polyisocyanates based on 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) and poly(tetrahydrofuran) were prepared and characterized thoroughly with FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy methods. Compared with unsubstituted N‐methylaniline, a blocking agent with an electron‐releasing substituent at the para position took a shorter time, whereas those with an electron‐releasing substituent at the ortho position or an electron‐withdrawing substituent at the ortho and para positions took longer times for the blocking reaction. The thermal dissociation reactions of blocked polyisocyanates were carried out with an FTIR spectrophotometer attached to hot‐stage accessories under dynamic and isothermal conditions. The dynamic method was used to determine the deblocking temperature, and the isothermal method was used to calculate the deblocking kinetics and activation parameters. The cure times of blocked polyisocyanates with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene were also determined. The deblocking temperatures, the results of cure‐time studies, and the kinetic parameters revealed that the thermal dissociation of the N‐methylaniline‐blocked polyisocyanates was retarded by electron‐donating substituents and facilitated by electron‐withdrawing substituents. The action of N‐methylanilines as blocking agents for isocyanate was explained by the formation of a four‐center, intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded ring structure during the thermal dissociation of the blocked polyisocyanates. The formation of such a hydrogen‐bonded ring structure was confirmed and supported by variable‐temperature 1H NMR studies and entropy parameters, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1557–1570, 2007 相似文献
84.
M. C. Crabb 《Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications》2007,2(2):171-193
We describe an equivariant version (for actions of a finite group G) of Dold’s index theory, [10], for iterated maps. Equivariant Dold indices are defined, in general, for a G-map U → X defined on an open G-subset of a G-ANR X (and satisfying a suitable compactness condition). A local index for isolated fixed-points is introduced, and the theorem
of Shub and Sullivan on the vanishing of all but finitely many Dold indices for a continuously differentiable map is extended
to the equivariant case. Homotopy Dold indices, arising from the equivariant Reidemeister trace, are also considered.
相似文献
85.
A fictitious domain approach to the numerical solution of PDEs in stochastic domains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We present an efficient method for the numerical realization of elliptic PDEs in domains depending on random variables. Domains
are bounded, and have finite fluctuations. The key feature is the combination of a fictitious domain approach and a polynomial
chaos expansion. The PDE is solved in a larger, fixed domain (the fictitious domain), with the original boundary condition
enforced via a Lagrange multiplier acting on a random manifold inside the new domain. A (generalized) Wiener expansion is
invoked to convert such a stochastic problem into a deterministic one, depending on an extra set of real variables (the stochastic
variables). Discretization is accomplished by standard mixed finite elements in the physical variables and a Galerkin projection
method with numerical integration (which coincides with a collocation scheme) in the stochastic variables. A stability and
convergence analysis of the method, as well as numerical results, are provided. The convergence is “spectral” in the polynomial
chaos order, in any subdomain which does not contain the random boundaries. 相似文献
86.
This article introduces and analyzes a p-version FEM for variational inequalities resulting from obstacle problems for some quasi-linear elliptic partial differential
operators. We approximate the solution by controlling the obstacle condition in images of the Gauss–Lobatto points. We show
existence and uniqueness for the discrete solution u
p
from the p-version for the obstacle problem. We prove the convergence of u
p
towards the solution with respect to the energy norm, and assuming some additional regularity for the solution we derive
an a priori error estimate. In numerical experiments the p-version turns out to be superior to the h-version concerning the convergence rate and the number of unknowns needed to achieve a certain exactness of the approximation. 相似文献
87.
In this paper, we establish a theorem on the distribution of primes in quadratic progressions on average. 相似文献
88.
Hydrogels of N‐vinylimidazole (VI) and sodium styrenesulfonate (SSS) were synthesized in aqueous solution by radical crosslinking copolymerization with N,N′‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide) as crosslinker. Swelling in several saline solutions was measured for hydrogel samples synthesized with different comonomer concentrations (CT = 10, 25, or 40%) and with SSS mole fractions covering a broad range (fSSS = 0–0.7), while the crosslinker ratio was 2 wt % in all cases. The degree of swelling in aqueous solution with a specific ionic strength (μ), plotted versus the SSS composition of the feed, shows a minimum for any set of samples synthesized with a fixed CT. The dependence of swelling on μ shows both polyelectrolyte (fSSS beyond the minimum) and antipolyelectrolyte behaviors (in the low fSSS limit). It was found that the nonGaussian factor of the crosslinking density and the polymer‐solvent interaction parameter increase with fSSS for any CT. Moreover, in the low fSSS limit, the osmotic swelling pressure is governed not only by the ionic contribution, but also by the polymer‐solvent mixing and, the concentration of mobile counterions inside the gel is not proportional to the net fixed charge but to the addition of cationic and anionic side groups, what discards the formation of ionic pairs. The antipolyelectrolyte effect is interpreted as due to the increasing protonation of VI as μ goes up. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1683–1693, 2007 相似文献
89.
In this paper we investigate the electrostatic problem of determining conductivity profiles from the knowledge of boundary
currents and voltages. We obtain an improved estimate for the voltage potential of a two-dimensional conductor having finitely
many circular inclusions and piecewise constant conductivity profile. We derive an asymptotic expansion for the voltage potential
in terms of the reference voltage potential and the location, size, and conductivity of the inhomogeneities. This representation
is used to formulate the nonlinear least squares problem for estimating the location and size of the inhomogeneities. Required
boundary data for the voltage potential are generated numerically by solving a system of integral equations. Computational
experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our identification procedure. 相似文献
90.
HT—6M闭环反馈平衡控制系统 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文描述HT-6M托卡马克装置闭环反馈平衡控制系统的结构组成,通过对各个环节的简化,得到了有效实用的数学模型,进而分析了系统稳态和动态性能。实验结果表明,该系统运行可靠;并且,将等离子体环水平位移控制在2mm以内。 相似文献