二阶离散隐马尔科夫模型的严格定义及等价性质

隐马氏模型作为一种具有双重随机过程的统计模型,具有可靠的概率统计理论基础和强有力的数学结构,已被广泛应用于语音识别、生物序列分析、金融数据分析等领域.由于传统的一阶隐马氏模型无法表示更远状态距离间的依赖关系,就可能会忽略很多有用的统计特征,故有人提出二阶隐马氏模型的概念,但此概念并不严格.本文给出二阶离散隐马尔科夫模型的严格定义,并研究了二阶离散隐马尔科夫模型的两个等价性质.     

基于大功率LED扩展光源的均匀光斑光辐射模拟器设计

基于边缘光线原理和光学扩展量守恒思想,结合复合抛物面聚光器和轴对称自由曲面透镜,设计并研制了大功率发光二极管扩展光源的反射/折射准直器.运用Tracepro软件对系统进行光束追迹模拟仿真和实验,研制出均匀光斑的光辐射模拟器.模拟器输出发散角为±12°光束,测量距离出射面50cm处光屏的光斑,在尺寸为14cm×14cm的光照范围内,测得光斑水平方向中心线上的光度均匀度优于4.1%,竖直方向中心线上的光度均匀度优于3.8%.     

飞秒激光冲击AZ31B镁合金过程的数值模拟

采用有限元分析法对飞秒激光冲击AZ31B镁合金进行数值模拟,研究了激光冲击处理对镁合金变形过程的影响,分析了单脉冲激光冲击下材料内部的位移、动能、应力和应变的分布情况,得到了材料的瞬态速度和应变率变化过程.仿真结果表明,单脉冲飞秒激光冲击镁合金产生的塑性变形,可在材料表面形成微米级凹坑,中心点处最大位移为34μm,最大变形速度390m/s;在冲击初期,材料表面的应力和应变主要分布在冲击区域中心节点和边缘附近,并且得到镁合金的最大应力和最大应变率分别为955 MPa和1.8×106 s-1.研究结果能够为深入分析飞秒激光与镁合金作用时材料变形参量的变化规律提供数值理论依据.     

10MJ高温超导环形磁体电磁优化设计

随着超导技术的发展,大容量、高场强的高温超导磁体已成为未来超导磁体的主要发展方向。文中以10MJ高温超导环形磁体为研究对象,以磁体的总用线量为优化目标,采用二代YBCO带材进行了环形磁体的电磁优化设计,利用遗传算法和有限元建模获得了磁体的最小总用线量,分析了在满足磁体储能量的情况下,线圈的内直径和线圈个数对环形磁体临界电流、总用线量的影响。     

碳化硅晶体产生中红外飞秒激光研究获进展

中红外激光(3~5μm)在环境监控、气体分子识别、相干断层成像、军事等领域有着重要应用,特别是近年来在高次谐波产生单个阿秒脉冲的研究中,由于周期量级中红外飞秒激光能获得更高截止能量的谐波阶次,有望获得更短的阿秒脉冲和更高的时间分辨率,因此倍受人们的青睐。但受限于激光增益介质,目前较难在室温下直接获得中红外波段的飞秒激光,为此广泛应用的方案是基于非线性晶     

水嘴国标对17种重金属析出量强制限定

<正>质检总局和国家标准委不久前发布了新修订的《陶瓷片密封水嘴》(GB 18145–2014)强制性国家标准,将水嘴的重金属析出、密封性能、流量、寿命作为强制性条款,其中重金属析出一款对17种重金属析出规定了严格的限量值。新标准将于2014年12月1日实施。据国家标准委有关人士介绍,随着经济发展和社会进步,我国城乡居民对健康安全的要求越来越高。为满足健康安全需求,国家标准委高度重视水嘴铅超标问题,委托全国建筑卫生陶瓷标准化技术委员会组织行业专家、检验机构、     

低温热分析标准物质的研制

研制了两种0~100℃热分析标准物质,分别为金属镓和水杨酸苯酯标准物质。研制的标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,采用与NIST,LGC相应标准物质比较的方法定值。NIST为SRM 2234镓,其定值采用288.6~314.35 K范围内的绝热热量计测得温度及热量值;LGC用绝热法为水杨酸苯酯的熔化温度和熔化热定值,两种方法都可以直接溯源至SI单位。对定值结果的不确定度进行了分析和评定。镓和水杨酸苯酯标准物质的熔化温度分别为(29.77±0.20)℃(k=2),(41.81±0.34)℃(k=2);熔化热分别为(80.52±0.48)J/g(k=2),(88.94±0.62)J/g(k=2)。研制的两种标准物质满足国家标准物质的技术要求,申报已获批准。     

二异丁腈肼溶液中氮的选择性测定

二异丁腈肼分子结构中含有连氮(-N-N-)和氰基氮(-CN),每一个分子中有4个N原子,其结构式见图1。油溶性偶氮引发剂偶氮二异丁腈是重要的化工原料,广泛用于高分子的研究和生产,可作为氯乙烯、乙酸乙烯和丙烯腈等单体聚合引发剂,也可用作聚氯乙烯、聚烯烃、聚氨酯、聚乙烯醇、丙烯腈与丁二烯、苯乙烯共聚物等的发泡剂。此外,也可用于其它有机合成。偶氮二异丁腈由氯气氧化二异丁腈肼而制得,这开发了偶氮二异丁腈生产的新工艺,达到清     

Electrospinning of nylon-6,6 solutions into nanofibers: Rheology and morphology relationships

The relationship between the rheological properties of nylon-6,6 solutions and the morphology of their electrospun nanofibers was established. The viscosity of nylon-6,6 in formic acid(90%) was measured in the concentration range of 5 wt%-25 wt% using a programmable viscometer. Electrospinning of nylon-6,6 solutions was carried out under controlled parameters. The chemical structure, morphology and thermal properties of the obtained nanofibers were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), respectively. Entanglement concentration(ce) was found to be 15 wt% and a power law relationship between specific viscosity and solution concentration was observed with exponents of 2.0 and 3.3 for semi-dilute unentangled(c ce) and semi-dilute entangled(c ce) regimes, respectively. The diameter and uniformity of the nanofibers were found to be dependent on the viscosity. Moreover, the average diameter of electrospun nanofibers was found to be dependent on zero shear rate viscosity and normalized concentration(c/ce) in a power law relationship with exponents of 0.298 and 0.816, respectively. For nylon-6,6 solutions, the entanglement concentration(ce = 15 wt%) provides the threshold viscosity required for the formation of a stable polymeric jet during electrospinning and producing uniform beadless fibers. For concentrations less than ce, beaded fibers with some irregularities are formed. DSC analysis showed an increase in crystallinity of all electrospun samples compared to original polymer. Furthermore, Based on FTIR spectroscopy, α phase is dominant in electrospun nanofibers and minor amount of β and γ phases is also available.     

Microstructure characterization of short-chain branching polyethylene with differential scanning calorimetry and successive selfnucleation/annealing thermal fractionation

A series of the copolymers of ethylene with 1-hexene(M1–M9) synthesized by metallocene catalyst Et[Ind]2ZrCl2/MAO was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and successive self-nucleation and annealing(SSA) thermal fractionation. The distribution of methylene sequence length(MSL) in the different copolymers was determined using the SSA method. The comonomer contents of samples M4 and M5 are 2.04 mol% and 2.78 mol%, respectively. Both M4 and M5 have low comonomer content and their MSL distribution profiles exhibit a monotonous increase trend with their MSL. The longest MSL of M5 is 167, and its corresponding molar percent is 43.95%, which is higher than that of M4. Moreover, the melting temperature(Tm) of M5 is also higher than that of M4. The comonomer contents of samples M7, M8, and M9 are 8.73 mol%, 14.18 mol% and 15.05 mol%, respectively. M7, M8, and M9 have high comonomer contents, and their MSL distribution profiles display unimodality. M7 has a lower peak value of 33 and a narrow MSL distribution, resulting in a Tm lower than that of M8 and M9. The MSL and its distribution are also key points that influence the melting behavior of copolymers. Sometimes, MSL and its distribution of copolymers have a greater impact on it than the total comonomer contents, which is different from traditional views.