磷钼酸/PMMA静电纺丝纤维的制备及形貌研究

通过静电纺丝技术制备了磷钼酸/PMMA复合纤维,研究了PMMA的相对分子质量、磷钼酸的含量及混合溶剂中DMF与乙醇的体积比对复合纤维形貌及直径的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)对复合纤维的形貌进行了观察,并测试了不同条件纺丝溶液的电导率、黏度和表面张力。研究发现,PMMA的相对分子质量和DMF与乙醇的体积比对复合纤维的形貌影响较为明显,磷钼酸的含量对复合纤维的直径影响显著。较为理想的纺丝条件为:PMMA的重均分子量为60000,纺丝液中磷钼酸的含量为16mg/mL,DMF与乙醇的体积比为6∶4。     

Electrospun CuFe2O4 nanotubes as anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Herein,we report on the synthesis and lithium storage properties of electrospun one-dimensional(1D) CuFe_2O_4 nanomaterials.1D CuFe_2O_4nanotubes and nanorods were fabricated by a single spinneret electrospinning method followed by thermal decomposition for removal of polymers from the precursor fibers.The as-prepared CuFe_2O_4 nanotubes with wall thickness of ~50 nm presented diameters of ~150 nm and lengths up to several millimeters.It was found that phase separation between the electrospun composite materials occured during the electrospinning process,while the as-spun precursor nanofibers composed of polyacrylonitrile(PAN),polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) and metal salts might possess a core-shell structure(PAN as the core and PVP/metal salts composite as the shell) and then transformed to a hollow structure after calcination.Moreover,as a demonstration of the functional properties of the 1D nanostructure.CuFe_2O_4 nanotubes and nanorods were investigated as anodes for lithium ion batteries(LIBs).It was demonstrated that CuFe_2O_4 nanotubes not only delivered a high reversible capacity of ~816 mAh·g~(-1) at a current density of 200 mA·g~(-1)over 50 cycles,but also showed superior rate capability with respect to counterpart nanorods.Probably,the enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to its high specific surface areas as well as the unique hollow structure.     

卟啉化聚合物纤维膜负载TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

通过烯基铁卟啉分别和苯乙烯、丙烯腈及甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚制备三种卟啉化聚合物,然后利用静电纺丝技术将这三种卟啉共聚物与TiO2颗粒共纺制备卟啉共聚物纤维膜负载TiO2光催化剂。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征结果显示卟啉共聚物纤维负载TiO2催化剂都具有良好的纤维结构,纤维直径约为1.0-2.0μm。X-射线衍射仪(XRD)则表明TiO2的晶型在纺丝前后都没有受到明显影响。对甲基橙溶液的催化降解实验结果显示:铁卟啉-丙烯腈共聚物负载TiO2催化剂的光催化活性最高,而且铁卟啉的含量对催化剂催化活性起着非常重要的作用。优化后的铁卟啉-丙烯腈共聚物纤维膜负载TiO2光催化剂对甲基橙溶液的脱色率达到76.3%,同时纤维膜结构有利于催化剂的回收和重复使用。     

纤维二糖与葡萄糖催化转化制备乙二醇(英文)

选用纤维二糖作为探针分子,探索纤维素催化转化制备乙二醇过程的反应路径.分别考察了纤维二糖和葡萄糖在双组分催化剂H2WO4和Ru/C下的催化反应活性.结果表明,乙二醇不仅来自于纤维二糖水解产物葡萄糖的逆羟醛缩合作用,同时也可以来自于纤维二糖的直接逆羟醛缩合过程.而且,纤维二糖的直接逆羟醛缩合作用对糖苷键的水解也有一定的促进作用.比较发现,钨基催化剂作用下纤维二糖的逆羟醛缩合反应活性比葡萄糖要低,因此乙醇醛可以缓慢产生并在Ru/C催化剂上迅速加氢生成乙二醇.使得以纤维二糖作为原料比以葡萄糖作为原料时获得更高的乙二醇收率.     

Electrospinning of nylon-6,6 solutions into nanofibers: Rheology and morphology relationships

The relationship between the rheological properties of nylon-6,6 solutions and the morphology of their electrospun nanofibers was established. The viscosity of nylon-6,6 in formic acid(90%) was measured in the concentration range of 5 wt%-25 wt% using a programmable viscometer. Electrospinning of nylon-6,6 solutions was carried out under controlled parameters. The chemical structure, morphology and thermal properties of the obtained nanofibers were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), respectively. Entanglement concentration(ce) was found to be 15 wt% and a power law relationship between specific viscosity and solution concentration was observed with exponents of 2.0 and 3.3 for semi-dilute unentangled(c ce) and semi-dilute entangled(c ce) regimes, respectively. The diameter and uniformity of the nanofibers were found to be dependent on the viscosity. Moreover, the average diameter of electrospun nanofibers was found to be dependent on zero shear rate viscosity and normalized concentration(c/ce) in a power law relationship with exponents of 0.298 and 0.816, respectively. For nylon-6,6 solutions, the entanglement concentration(ce = 15 wt%) provides the threshold viscosity required for the formation of a stable polymeric jet during electrospinning and producing uniform beadless fibers. For concentrations less than ce, beaded fibers with some irregularities are formed. DSC analysis showed an increase in crystallinity of all electrospun samples compared to original polymer. Furthermore, Based on FTIR spectroscopy, α phase is dominant in electrospun nanofibers and minor amount of β and γ phases is also available.     

Solution Blowing of Poly（dimethylsiloxane）/Nylon 6 Nanofiber Mats for Protective Applications

A new strategy was developed to fabricate superhydrophobic nylon 6 nanofibers, in which the blend solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) prepolymer and nylon 6 was spun using an innovative solution blowing process, and then the PDMS prepolymer contianning nanofibers were cured to obtain PDMS/nylon 6 nanofiber mats. Morphology, surface composition, non-wetting property and protective performance were investigated. The results showed that the addition of PDMS prepolymer improved the spinnability of the spinning solutions, and the PDMS/nylon 6 nanofibers had smooth surfaces and diameters from 100 nm to 350 nm. The presence of PDMS effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity of the nanofiber mats, showing water contact angles of 132° to 161° for PDMS contents of 1 wt% to 3 wt%. The PDMS/nylon 6 mats also possessed excellent protective and transport properties. The results indicated the potential application of the novel nanofiber mats in protective clothing.     

Fabrication and Performance of a Low Operating Pressure Nanofiltration Poly（vinyl chloride） Hollow Fiber Membrane

A low operating pressure nanofiltration membrane is prepared by interfacial polymerization between m-phenylenediamine(MPDA) and trimesoyl chloride(TMC) using PVC hollow fiber membrane as supporting.A series of PVC nanofiltration membranes with different molecular weight cutoff(MWCO) can be obtained by controlling preparation conditions.Chemical and morphological characterization of the membrane surface was carried out by FTIR-ATR and SEM.MWCO was characterized by filtration experiments.The preparation conditions were investigated in detail.At the optimized conditions(40 min air-dried time,aqueous phase containing 0.5% MPDA,0.05% SDS and 0.6% acid absorbent,oil phase containing 0.3% TMC,and 1 min reaction time),under 0.3 MPa,water flux of the gained nanofiltration membrane reaches 17.8 L/m2·h,and the rejection rates of methyl orange and MgSO4 are more than 90% and 60%,respectively.     

三元Ho3+-TiO2/Bi等离子体复合纤维制备及其可见光催化产氢性能

以电纺Ho³⁺-TiO₂纳米纤维为基质,葡萄糖酸钠为还原剂,采用水热法制备Ho³⁺-TiO₂/Bi等离子体复合纤维光催化剂。 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和瞬时光电流(IP)等分析测试手段对样品的物相、形貌和光电性能等进行表征。 以三乙醇胺为电子给体,研究了Ho³⁺-TiO₂/Bi光催化分解水产氢的反应过程。 结果表明:在水热过程中,Bi³⁺被葡萄糖酸钠还原成单质Bi纳米颗粒,复合在Ho³⁺-TiO₂纳米纤维表面形成肖特基结。 金属Bi通过局域表面等离子体共振效应结合稀土元素丰富的能级结构和4f电子跃迁特性,对TiO₂进行双重修饰改性,有效提高了TiO₂的光催化活性和稳定性,可见光下产氢速率最大为43.6 μmol/(g·h)。     

有序介孔TiO2纳米纤维及其串联光催化水处理-产氢性能（英文）

光催化技术在环境净化及新能源开发方面具有巨大的研究潜力,特别在有机污染物降解去除和分解水制氢展示出了广泛的应用前景.二氧化钛(TiO2)具有出色的光催化活性和稳定性、低成本和无毒性等性质,是最有前景的光催化剂之一,但离广泛实用还有一定距离.TiO2光催化活性很大程度上取决于其尺寸,结晶度和形状等结构特征,因此,TiO2的纳米结构优化设计,为开发高活性TiO2光催化材料,推动其商业和工业应用提供了新的可能.最近大量研究表明,一维(1D)纳米结构,如纳米管,纳米线和纳米纤维等,具有卓越的光生电荷分离和传输能力,可提高光催化活性.鉴于此,1D TiO2纳米光催化剂的设计和可控制备引起了广泛的研究关注.一般而言,1D TiO2制备方法包括溶胶凝胶法,水热法,溶剂热法和静电纺丝法.其中,水热法由于简单高效,是最广泛使用的一种制备方法.通常,水热法制备1D TiO2包括两个主要步骤.首先,在浓NaOH水溶液中的水热处理,将不规则的TiO2颗粒转化为均匀的1D纳米钛酸盐中间体.随后,通过氢离子交换和热转化,将所获得的钛酸盐转化为1D TiO2.钛酸盐中间体的形成和转化过程,对调控所得1D TiO2产物的结构特征,包括相、尺寸、形状和组成等,具有至关重要的作用.然而,传统水热法的反应条件非常苛刻,经常导致1D纳米结构的破坏及纳米颗粒的无序排列,降低了获得材料的光催化活性.因此,发展温和的钛酸盐转化方法,将为制备高活性光催化材料提供新思路.本文通过新颖的蒸汽热方法,成功将钛酸盐纳米带转化为由纳米晶定向组装而成的介孔TiO2纳米纤维.结合XRD,BET,TEM,XPS,UV-Vis和PL等分析手段详细表征了催化剂的组成与结构,基于有机污染物(以罗丹明B为例)降解以及光催化分解水制氢考察了催化剂的光催化活性.结果表明,在150°C蒸汽热处理得到的1D TiO2纳米纤维具有最高的光催化氧化活性与还原活性,均优于商业TiO2(P25).1D TiO2纳米纤维具有介孔结构,其纳米晶排列有序,从而对增强光催化性能至关重要.各向异性锐钛矿纳米晶的有序排列,促进了光生电子与空穴沿纳米纤维结构定向传递,降低电子-空穴复合几率.介孔结构和高表面积有利于光催化反应过程中的质量交换.鉴于1D TiO2纳米纤维同时具有最高的光催化氧化活性与还原活性,我们发展了光催化水处理-产氢集成新技术,通过光催化“有氧氧化-缺氧还原”串联工艺来实现.有机染料在有氧氧化过程中部分氧化,并在后续的缺氧还原阶段充当高效牺牲试剂以促进光催化分解水制氢.该研究为制备高活性有序介孔TiO2纳米纤维及其应用提供了新思路.     

磺化预氧化聚丙烯腈纤维催化的Beckmann重排反应

通过静电纺丝和预氧化制备了一种预氧化聚丙烯腈超细纤维(PrePANF),然后与氯磺酸反应引入磺酸基团,获得了一种独特的纤维状固体酸(SPrePANF)。采用扫描电镜仪(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR/ATR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和元素分析仪(EA)对SPrePANF的微观形貌和化学结构进行了详细的表征。结果表明:预氧化作用使线性聚丙烯腈分子链形成了芳环结构,并通过磺化反应在芳环上引入了磺酸基。Beckmann重排反应催化结果表明:SPrePANF对二苯甲酮肟的Beckmann重排反应具有较好的催化活性和选择性;而且纤维膜结构使该催化剂可以方便地回收再利用,重复使用4次后仍然具有良好的催化活性。