探针移动速度对等离子体射流热流密度测量结果的影响

采用自行研制的中心嵌有铜柱感应件的小尺寸杆状热流探针,在低扰动条件下,对射入大气环境的纯氩层流等热离子体射流传向铜探头表面的热流密度进行了动态测量.结果表明,在射流最高温度16500 K、最大轴向速度850 m/s、探针垂直于射流流动方向的移动速度130～260 mm/s的实验参数范围内,随着探针移动速度的提高,测得的热流密度值减小;射流温度和速度越高,探针移动速度对热流密度测量值的影响越大.     

甲烷湍流射流火焰锋面结构的激光PLIF测量

利用OH-PLIF技术,研究了甲烷空气预混射流火焰,在不同出口雷诺数下,不同氮气稀释比例下火焰OH自由基的二维分布以及火焰的前锋面结构特性,以此实现对柔和燃烧的基础特性研究。实验结果显示,在获得大量氮气稀释后,预混火焰的OH浓度峰值减少了30%以上,并且整个燃烧反应明显延迟,但火焰面面密度没有发生明显变化。同时发现,改变出口雷诺数对火焰OH浓度影响较小,但是增加出口雷诺数可以扩大燃烧反应区。     

一种改进的速度加姿态匹配传递对准方法

为了提高传统速度加姿态匹配传递对准方法的快速性,设计了一种改进的传递对准方法,该方法提出在子惯导初始化之前利用主、子惯导陀螺和加速度计测量信息进行短时间的预对准,并设计了速度加姿态匹配的传递对准滤波模型。与传统传递对准方法相比,通过在预对准阶段直接计算主、子惯导之间的安装误差矩阵,子惯导进行初始装订时可以得到较小的初始姿态误差,从而使传递对准滤波器能够快速收敛,提高了对准的快速性和精确度。试验结果表明,通过预对准后对准滤波器在30s之内即可完成对准,姿态估计误差为1′,方位估计误差为1.5′,比传统传递对准方法具有更好的对准性能。     

A High Revolution Speed Noncontact Ultrasonic Motor Driven by a Non-Symmetrical Electrode

A noncontact ultrasonic motor based on a non-symmetrical electrode is proposed. This motor has the advantages of using a simple driving electrode and having a high revolution speed. The revolution speed of its three-blade rotor can reach 5100rpm under a driving voltage of 20 V. A method operated easily is proposed to measure the output torque,     

用声波速度确定骨组织弹性参数

本文用超声方法确定密质骨的弹性特征,其基本原理是基于弹性波理论中的Christoffel方程。本文应用液浸、声波穿透技术,对牛胫骨样品中一些特殊入射方向的声波速度进行了测试,利用固体中沿任意方向的弹性波传播速度与材料的弹性系数间的关系,通过计算机编程反演出具有六方晶体对称结构的密质骨组织的5个独立弹性常数。结果与相关文献中其它方法所得结果一致。     

丙烷-氢气-空气预混层流燃烧特性研究

利用高速纹影摄像法和球型发展火焰研究了常温常压下丙烷-氢气-空气预混层流燃烧特性,获得了不同氢气体积分数和当量比下混合气的层流燃烧速率、Markstein数、Zeldovich数和Lewis数.结果表明:随着氢气比例的提高,层流燃烧速率增加,火焰厚度降低;当氢气体积分数小于60%时,随着当量比的增加,Markstein数降低,当氢气体积分数大于60%时,随着当量比的增加,Markstein数增加.当量比小于1.2时,随着氢气比例增加,Markstein数降低.当量比大于1.2时,随着氢气比例增加,Markstein数增加.随着氢气比例的增加,Zeldovich数降低,全局Lewis数降低.     

水溶液中Cr^3＋的火焰原子吸收光谱法测试条件的优化

为优化火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水溶液中的Cr^3＋的测试条件,分别采用单因素简单比较法、正交实验设计极差分析及正交实验回归方法考察了光谱通带n,空心阴极灯电流I,燃烧器高度h以及乙炔/空气流量比P对于仪器灵敏度的影响。结果表明单因素简单比较法获得的实验条件最优。乙炔/空气流量比P对火焰原子吸收仪器灵敏度影响最大、其次是光谱通带n,燃烧器高度h和灯电流I的影响很小。测定水溶液中的Cr^3＋时仪器灵敏度最佳的实验条件为：乙炔/空气流量比P=0.4;光谱通带n=0.2nm;灯电流I=5mA;燃烧器高度h=5cm。     

基于双向偏振态激光诱导荧光方法的离子速度分布函数测量

为了评估利用发散磁场构型双电层效应的紧凑式螺旋波等离子体推力器的离子加速效果,探索了一种双向偏振态激光诱导荧光测量方法来对螺旋波等离子体源近出口端的离子速度分布函数进行测量。实验中采用Ar作为螺旋波等离子体源工质,中心波长为611.662 nm的激光以轴向方式注入等离子体,以激励一价Ar离子获得波长为461.086 nm的诱导荧光光谱。为了消除磁化等离子体中逆塞曼效应对激光诱导荧光光谱带来的分裂影响,通过四分之一波片将入射激光分别调制为左旋和右旋圆偏振态,并对其诱导光谱进行了分别测量,结果发现不同磁场强度下两次测量结果的偏移值与理论高度吻合,证明了双向偏振态激光诱导荧光测量方法的理论可行性。进一步,采用高斯型滤波器反卷积算法从测量光谱中去除自然展宽和能量饱和效应,再通过对两次相反偏振态测量结果进行平移处理消除逆塞曼效应,从而分离得到实际的多普勒效应。测量了射频能量600 W,不同轴向位置、磁场大小以及气体压力下的螺旋波Ar等离子体激光诱导荧光光谱,结果表明在该实验条件下离子并没有因双电层效应而达到期望值的加速效果,离子速度的形成可能只是一种磁约束作用下的双极电场所导致,并不能产生好的推力性能。     

Flow characterization and dilution effects of N_2 and CO_2 on premixed CH_4/air flames in a swirl-stabilized combustor

Numerically-aided experimental studies are conducted on a swirl-stabilized combustor to investigate the dilution effects on flame stability, flame structure, and pollutant emissions of premixed CH4/air flames. Our goal is to provide a systematic assessment on combustion characteristics in diluted regimes for its application to environmentally-friendly approaches such as biogas combustion and exhanst-gas recirculation technology. Two main diluting species, N2 and CO2, are tested at various dilution rates. The results obtained by means of optical diagnostics show that five main flame regimes can be observed for Nz-diluted flames by changing excess air and dilution rate. CO2-diluted flames follow the same pattern evolution except that all the domains are shifted to lower excess air. Both N2 and CO2 dilution affect the lean blow- out （LBO） limits negatively. This behavior can be counter-balanced by reactant preheating which is able to broaden the flammability domain of the diluted flames. Flame reactivity is degraded by increasing dilution rate. Meanwhile, flames are thickened in the presence of both diluting species. NOx emissions are significantly reduced with dilution and proved to be relevant to flame stability diagrams： slight augmentation in NOx emission profiles is related to transitional flame states where instability occurs. Although dilution results in increase in CO emissions at certain levels, optimal dilution rates can still be proposed to achieve an ideal compromise.     

Derivation of baroclinic Ertel–Rossby invariant-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation in moist flow

For the potential vorticity （PV） invariant, there is a PV-based complete-form vorticity equation, which we use heuris- tically in the present paper to answer the following question： for the Ertel-Rossby invariant （ERI）, is there a corresponding vorticity tendency equation？ Such an ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is derived and discussed in detail in this study. From the obtained new vorticity equation, the vertical vorticity change is constrained by the vertical velocity term, the term associated with the slope of the generalized momentum surface, the term related to the horizontal vorticity change, and the baroclinic or solenoid term. It explicitly includes both the dynamical and thermodynamic factors＇ influence on the vorticity change. For the ERI itself, besides the traditional PV term, the ERI also includes the moisture factor, which is excluded in dry ERI, and the term related to the gradients of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy that reflects the fast-manifold property. Therefore, it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than the PV term. These advantages are naturally handed on and inherited by the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation. Then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is further transformed and compared with the traditional vorticity equation. The main difference between the two equations is the term which describes the contribution of the solenoid term to the vertical vorticity development. In a barotropic flow, the solenoid term disappears, then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation can regress to the traditional vorticity equation.