基于Hilbert变换的水下多源声信号频率的相干探测

为实现水下中低频声信号的探测识别,通过研究水下多声源相干探测信号的特征,理论上给出了相干探测信号频谱混叠情况下的特征表达式,并提出了一种基于Hilbert变换的信号解调处理方法,实现了水下多声源相干探测信号频谱混叠情况下各声源发声频率的解调.该方法将探测信号经过滤波平滑处理之后进行Hilbert变换,得到信号的解析形式,然后对解析信号模值的平方进行二次滤波平滑等处理,分离混叠在一起的频带,将得到的信号进行频谱分析,根据频移值计算得到水下各个声源的发声频率.在光学暗室下搭建激光相干探测系统,对2~6kHz的水下声信号进行实验,实验结果表明,该方法可以有效分离探测信号中混叠在一起的信号频带,并准确提取各水下声信号的发声频率,频率提取重复性不大于2.5Hz.     

Propagation of acoustic wave in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles

Based on the modification of the radial pulsation equation of an individual bubble, an effective medium method (EMM) is presented for studying propagation of linear and nonlinear longitudinal acoustic waves in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles. A classical theory developed previously by Gaunaurd (Gaunaurd GC and \"{U}berall H, {\em J. Acoust. Soc. Am}., 1978; 63: 1699--1711) is employed to verify the EMM under linear approximation by comparing the dynamic (i.e. frequency-dependent) effective parameters, and an excellent agreement is obtained. The propagation of longitudinal waves is hereby studied in detail. The results illustrate that the nonlinear pulsation of bubbles serves as the source of second harmonic wave and the sound energy has the tendency to be transferred to second harmonic wave. Therefore the sound attenuation and acoustic nonlinearity of the viscoelastic matrix are remarkably enhanced due to the system's resonance induced by the existence of bubbles.     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。     

水下声音可冲出表面

简单的声波理论曾预言，任何在水下产生的声音都会在水-气交界面处发生反射，而不会发射到空气中去．因此长期以来科学家们相信在海下产生的声音是不可能被水面上探测到的．但最近美国Colorado环境科学联合研究所（Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science，简称CIRES）的0．Godin博士发现简单的声波理论不能描述在水面附近产生的低频噪声波的行为，他利用最新的声波理论计算得出，当声波波长可与声源与水面的距离相比凝或更长时。声源发出的声波可全部发射到空气中．     

Spatial Characteristics of Head-Related Transfer Function

The spatial characteristics of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) are studied by a spatial Fourier analysis.A law of the HRTF spatial sampling in different elevation planes is obtained, and the corresponding spatial interpolating method used to recover the continuous HRTF is proposed. The method is valid, for the average error between the measured and interpolated HRTFs in the horizontal plane is about 0.5%. These results provide guidance for the discrete spatial measurement of HRTFs.     

Influence of roughness on the detection of mechanical characteristics of low-k film by the surface acoustic waves

The surface acoustic wave （SAW） technique is a precise and nondestructive method to detect the mechanical charac- teristics of the thin low dielectric constant （low-k） film by matching the theoretical dispersion curve with the experimental dispersion curve. In this paper, the influence of sample roughness on the precision of SAW mechanical detection is inves- tigated in detail. Random roughness values at the surface of low-k film and at the interface between this low-k film and the substrate are obtained by the Monte Carlo method. The dispersive characteristic of SAW on the layered structure with rough surface and rough interface is modeled by numerical simulation of finite element method. The Young＇s moduli of the Black DiamondTM samples with different roughness values are determined by SAWs in the experiment. The results show that the influence of sample roughness is very small when the root-mean-square （RMS） of roughness is smaller than 50 nm and correlation length is smaller than 20 μm. This study indicates that the SAW technique is reliable and precise in the nondestructive mechanical detection for low-k films.     

自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性的实验研究

本文以氟里昂作工质，对自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性进行了实验研究．实验过程中发现自然循环系统内可能发生高频脉动和低频脉动二种类型的过冷沸腾流动不稳定性．通过实验研究揭示了这二种类型流动不稳定性的发生机理，证实高频脉动属于声波型脉动，低频脉动属于密度波型脉动．通过实验得出了判断系统稳定性的界限，并使用积分方程无因次分析方法得出了预测密度波型流动不稳定性的经验公式．     

微机在有源消声中的应用

本文讨论将微机技术引入单源有源消声器。微机控制其可变参数,使消声系统能对噪声源进行自动跟踪。其参数在一定范围内随着消声情况的变化而变化,始终保持最佳的消声效果。对线状谱噪声可将其剩余噪声控制在本底噪声或比本底噪声稍高一点的范围内(～3dB)。跟踪速度较快,最佳消声状态的稳定性也较好。     

一端部分封闭管内声波的谐振频率

实验发现声波谐振管封闭端微小的缝隙会导致谐振频率发生相当大的移动。本文从理论和实验两个方面对这个现象进行了探讨。理论上,我们将缝隙简化为一段细管,在一维波近似下得到确定谐振频率的特征方程,结果可以定性上解释实验现象。实验上,我们在封闭端开孔,通过改变孔的面积使得边界条件从闭管连续过渡到开管情况。测量结果表明,谐振频率的移动主要取决于开孔面积,与孔的形状与位置关系不大。随着孔的面积增大,频率向上移动,而且呈现显著的先快后慢规律。     

分布式声波传感系统中IQ解调方法的影响因素

为了获得相关因素对基于相干探测相敏光时域反射计（φ-OTDR）的分布式声波传感（DAS）系统测量准确性的影响规律,根据光纤中后向瑞利散射理论建立相干探测φ-OTDR仿真模型。基于该模型生成不同测量参数下的后向瑞利散射信号,采用IQ解调算法确定了振动位置、还原了振动信号,计算了振动检测信噪比和失真度。结果表明：采样率可以小于声光调制器（AOM）频率的2倍;宽范围内随着采样率的提高,振动检测信噪比与失真度不是严格单调增加或降低;模数转换器（ADC）量化位数在8～16位范围内变化时对系统解调结果的影响不大;随着入射光脉冲宽度减小、振动点与入射端距离增加,振动检测信噪比分别呈双指数、线性规律下降,失真度分别呈双指数、幂函数规律增加;随着掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）放大倍数提高,振动检测信噪比呈幂函数规律提升,失真度在高、低噪声时分别呈幂函数、双指数规律下降。