Enhancing the Bolzon–Schrefler–Zienkiewicz Constitutive Model for Partially Saturated Soil

This paper presents an enhanced version of the elasto-plastic model for partially saturated soil first proposed by Bolzon, Schrefler and Zienkiewicz in 1996, “BSZ” model, which uses the effective stress tensor and suction as independent stress variables. It is recalled that the effective stress tensor proposed by Lewis and Schrefler in 1982 is thermodynamically consistent and, compared with other choices of stress tensors, results particularly suitable for partially saturated soil mechanics. A hydraulic constitutive relationship and a hydraulic hysteresis are introduced in the model, to take into account the irreversible deformation during cyclic drying and wetting until structural collapse. For this reason the plastic rate of strain is split into the sum of two components: one depending on the effective stress tensor and the other one on suction. This is the new feature of the BSZ model. This enhanced model is then cast into a thermodynamical framework at macroscopic level and it is shown that it is possible to derive the constitutive law from the Helmholtz free energy and a dissipation function, both for associative and non- associative plasticity. Finally the model predictions have been compared with experimental data for Sion slime, with particular emphasis on the deviatoric part, and model predictions of hysteretic behaviour have been investigated in case of a wetting and drying cycle on compacted betonite–kaolin.     

水力机械内鲤鱼草鱼的压力损伤模拟试验

通过试验人工模拟水力机械内压力变化过程,测量压力时间变化,观察并解剖分析不同压力变化过程对鲤鱼和草鱼造成损伤的情况。试验发现,负压状态下的压力变化过程会对鱼的生存构成直接威胁,并得到了新型环保水力机械设计中应采用的压力时变导数极限值。     

Three‐dimensional vortex simulation of unsteady flow in hydraulic turbines

On the basis of the Helmholtz decomposition, a grid‐free numerical scheme is provided for the solution of unsteady flow in hydraulic turbines. The Lagrangian vortex method is utilized to evaluate the convection and stretch of the vorticity, and the BEM is used to solve the Neumann problem to define the potential flow. The no‐slip boundary condition is satisfied by generating vortex sticks at the solid surface. A semi‐analytical regularization technique is applied to evaluate the singular boundary surface integrals of the potential velocity and its gradients accurately. The fast multipole method was extended to evaluate the velocity and velocity gradients induced by the discretized vortex blobs in the Lagrangian vortex method. The successful simulation for the unsteady flow through a hydraulic turbine's runner has manifested the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

液压四足机器人的实时分散解耦控制

针对液压驱动四足机器人单腿协调性难以保证的问题,开发了一种实时分散解耦控制系统：基于PC-Based控制系统架构,在RTX环境下模块化了实时控制子任务,并对多任务的处理进行了实时调度,搭建出了机器人的实时分散控制系统框架;针对单腿系统设计了基于PID神经元网络的广义解耦控制算法,并将其嵌入到整体程序框架中,实现了多腿联动的分散解耦控制。物理样机实验表明开发的控制系统能够满足分散解耦控制算法的实时性要求,提高了四足机器人运动的协调性,进而保证其连续稳定地行走,具有一定的独创性与实用价值。     

密度锁反向启动特性实验研究

实验研究了密度锁反向启动特性,结果表明：启动流量是影响密度锁反向启动过程的关键因素,启动流量偏离平衡流量较小时,余热排出回路反向流量较小,依靠系统本身具有的自稳定性,将很快建立密度锁内水力平衡关系;而启动流量偏离平衡流量较大时,由于余热排出回路流量较大,较多冷却水进入主回路,导致加热水箱入口温度降低,入口温度的降低对密...     

Hydrophobic guar gum derivatives prepared by controlled grafting processes

Introduction of polyalkoxyalkyleneamide grafts to guar gum produces a new water soluble guar derivative. Modification of either guar gum or hydroxyopropyl guar is achieved in a three‐step process: carboxymethylation with sodium chloroacetate, esterification with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and amidation with a series of polyalkoxyalkyleneamines. The process was followed using infrared spectroscopy; the grafted guar derivatives were characterized using ¹H NMR. A series of hydroxypropyl guar (HPR) derivatives with degrees of carboxymethylations ranging from 0.2–0.3 were modified with polyalkoxyalkyleneamines with molecular weights ranging from 300 to 3000. The ratio of oxypropylene to oxoethylene units in the polyalkoxyalkyleneamines was varied from 9/1 to 8/58 to adjust the hydrophobicity of the grafts. Aqueous solutions of the graft copolymers exhibit viscosities one to two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding solutions of the parent guar gum. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

船舶液压推进的可行性探讨

通过对液压推进系统的能量传递方式，扭矩特性和转速控制的分析，介绍了液压推进的优点，对液压推进的可行性作了初步探讨。     

含气多孔介质卸压层裂的间隔特征——突出的前兆

含气多孔介质在卸压下的拉伸破坏有两种模式－层裂和突出，达到或超过临界破坏条件，引发骨架层裂破坏，达到或超过更强一些的临界突出条件，则引发突出，从采煤实践中逐次掘进的长过程看，层裂是已达破坏条件而未到突出条件的情况，进一步发展可能引发突出。实验表明层裂显微镜规律的间隔特征，因而与层裂相关的瓦斯浓度变化和地音信息可以认作是突出的前兆，如果在内部形成破坏区，渗流场与应力场的耦合有可以导致延时突出，石门自     

Calculating parameters for infiltration equations from soil hydraulic functions

Simple equations for predicting infiltration of water into soil are valuable both for hydrological application and for investigating soil hydraulic properties. Their value is greatly enhanced if they involve parameters that can be related to more basic soil hydraulic properties. In this paper we extend infiltration equations developed previously for positive surface heads to negative heads. The equations are then used to calculate infiltration into a sand and a clay for a range of initial and surface conditions. Results show errors of less than three percent compared with accurate numerical solutions. Analytical approximations to parameters in the equations are developed for a Brooks and Corey power law hydraulic conductivity-water content relation combined with either a Brooks and Corey or a van Genuchten water retention function. These are compared with accurate numerical values for a range of hydraulic parameters encompassing the majority of soil types and a range of initial and boundary conditions. The approximations are excellent for a wide range of soil parameters.An important attribute of the infiltration equations is their use of dimensionless parameters that can be calculated from normalised water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions. These normalised functions involve only parameters that it may be possible to estimate from surrogate data such as soil particle size distribution. Application of the equations for predicting infiltration, or their use in inferring hydraulic properties, then involves only simple scaling parameters.