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41.
(S)-2-[2-(p-Tolylsulfinyl)phenyl]acetaldehyde reacts with different O-silylated ketenethioacetals in the presence of Yb(OTf)3 yielding β-hydroxythioesters in high yields and diastereoselectivities. The obtained compounds were readily transformed into β-hydroxyacids and their corresponding diols. These Mukaiyama aldol reactions are a direct evidence of the ability of the sulfinyl group to control 1,5- and 1,6-asymmetric induction processes. 相似文献
42.
A practical access to alkyl- and aryl-substituted (E)-2-(azidomethyl)alkenoates and related azido compounds from the corresponding allylic bromides in aqueous acetone is described. An alternative method to obtain the starting bromides based on heterogeneous catalysis under mild conditions was also investigated. 相似文献
43.
Modification of the visual appearance when a rough surface is covered by a varnish is mostly attributed to the levelling of the substrate surface, which depends on the molecular weight of the varnish. The topography of varnished surfaces, however, has never been measured directly. Surfaces of varnishes applied over glass substrates of varying roughness were studied, therefore, using mechanical profilometry. Two different varnishes made with a low and a high molecular weight resin were studied. Both varnishes lower the r.m.s. roughness of the substrates and filter the high spatial frequencies. These results are amplified for the varnish containing the low molecular weight resin. The light reflected by the varnished samples is modelled from these topographical data. Its angular distribution, calculated from the probability density of slopes is presented, taking into account separately the air/varnish and the varnish/substrate interfaces. These analyses are presented in a back-scattering configuration. They show that varnishing significantly reduces the angular width of the reflected light and that this effect is magnified for the low molecular weight resin. Modelling furthermore shows that the influence of the roughness of the varnish/substrate interface is negligible in the total reflected light. 相似文献
44.
45.
Cosmic dust and our origins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J Mayo Greenberg 《Surface science》2002,500(1-3):793-822
The small solid particles in the space between the stars provide the surfaces for the production of many simple and complex molecules. Processes involving the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the thin (hundredth micron) mantles are shown to produce a wide range of molecules and ions also seen in comets. Some of the more complex ones inferred from laboratory experiments are expected to play an important role in the origin of life. An outline of the chemical evolution of interstellar dust as observed and as studied in the laboratory is presented. Observations of comets are shown to provide substantial evidence for their being fluffy aggregates of interstellar dust as it was in the protosolar nebula, i.e. the interstellar cloud which collapsed to form the solar system. The theory that comets may have brought the progenitors of life to the earth is summarized. 相似文献
46.
Dalila B. M. M. Fontes Eleni Hadjiconstantinou Nicos Christofides 《Journal of Global Optimization》2006,34(1):97-125
In this paper we obtain Lower Bounds (LBs) to concave cost network flow problems. The LBs are derived from state space relaxations
of a dynamic programming formulation, which involve the use of non-injective mapping functions guaranteing a reduction on
the cardinality of the state space. The general state space relaxation procedure is extended to address problems involving
transitions that go across several stages, as is the case of network flow problems. Applications for these LBs include: estimation
of the quality of heuristic solutions; local search methods that use information of the LB solution structure to find initial
solutions to restart the search (Fontes et al., 2003, Networks, 41, 221–228); and branch-and-bound (BB) methods having as
a bounding procedure a modified version of the LB algorithm developed here, (see Fontes et al., 2005a). These LBs are iteratively
improved by penalizing, in a Lagrangian fashion, customers not exactly satisfied or by performing state space modifications.
Both the penalties and the state space are updated by using the subgradient method. Additional constraints are developed to
improve further the LBs by reducing the searchable space. The computational results provided show that very good bounds can
be obtained for concave cost network flow problems, particularly for fixed-charge problems. 相似文献
47.
A simple model consisting of two electronic levels and one vibrational mode (phonon) was theoretically studied. The electronic-vibrational interaction was linear in the vibrational displacement. The vibrational mode was taken in the harmonic approximation and was attached to the thermal bath formed by the ambient environment. The kinetic constants of the vibrational dissipation were of the second order in the vibrational-bath coupling and were taken in the Markovian limit. Although, depending on the parameters of the model, different curves of the non-radiative vibration-induced excited state decay were obtained, in general, three time intervals, corresponding to different physical behaviour, were found. In the short-time interval, small oscillations superimposed on the excited state decay were observed. They were determined by the vibrational frequency and influenced by electronic-vibrational coupling. In the middle-time interval, almost quasi-exponential decay was detected; its rate constant increased with stronger electronic-vibrational interaction and speed of vibrational relaxation. In the long-time interval, the decay was very slow and, under special conditions, even an asymptotic non-zero excited state population was observed. Its value increased with the strength of the off-diagonal electron-vibrational coupling. Links of the parameters of the model with quantum chemical terms were estimated. 相似文献
48.
Existence and Uniqueness of Endemic States for the Age-structured MSEIR Epidemic Model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Geni Gupur 《应用数学学报(英文版)》2002,18(3):441-454
The existence and uniqueness of positive steady states for the age-structured MSEIR epidemic model with age-dependent transmission coefficient is considered. Threshold results for the existence of endemic states are established; under certain conditions, uniqueness is also shown. 相似文献
49.
50.
1 INTRODUCTION Carbon nanotubes have many potential applica- tions due to their unique structures and properties[1~4]. Physicists have been studying their electrical, me- chanical and other properties since their discove- ries[5, 6]. Recently, chemists are interested in carbon nanotubes because their properties can be altered by chemical functionalization[7~14], and these functiona- lized nanotubes can undergo further chemical trea- tment. So the potential application range of such na- … 相似文献