Direct micropatterning of polymer materials by ice mold

Micropatterning of functional polymer materials by micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) with ice mold is reported in this paper. Ice mold was selected due to its thaw or sublimation. Thus, the mold can be easily removed. Furthermore, the polymer solution did not react with, swell, or adhere to the ice mold, so the method is suitable for many kinds of materials (such as P3HT, PMMA Alq₃/PVK, PEDOT: PSS, PS, P2VP, etc.). Freestanding polymer microstructures, binary polymer pattern, and microchannels have been fabricated by the use of ice mold freely.     

固气相变蒸发热的计算

用固体的Einstein模型与Debye模型分别导出了相应模型的固气相变的蒸发热和蒸发压公式，并对其做了数值计算，结果表明，蒸发热与温度之间近似呈线性关系，这与工程上经验近似是一致的。     

Use of the smart tongue to monitor mold growth and discriminate between four mold species grown in liquid media

A novel voltammetric electronic tongue, smart tongue, was employed to monitor the growth of mold and to differentiate between four types of mold grown in liquid medium. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the relevant information obtained by the smart tongue. Reference growth curves were based on measurements of dry weight and pH. The growth detected by the smart tongue was basically consistent with that observed by the measurement of dry weight and pH. The optimal combinations of electrodes and frequencies for monitoring growth were as follows: for Aspergillus, both the Pt and Au electrodes at 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 100 Hz; for Penicillium, the Pt and W electrodes at 100 Hz; for Mucor, the Pt, Pd and W electrodes at the three frequency segments; for Rhizopus, the Pd, Ti and Ag electrodes at the three frequency segments. The Ag electrode at 10 Hz or 100 Hz frequency could differentiate well between the four types of mold for culturing 6 h in the liquid media. Therefore, the smart tongue has a promising future as a modern rapid analytical technology for the real time detection of the growth of mold and for the classification model of mold.     

基于多维随机森林的番茄灰霉病高光谱图像早期检测

植物病害的自动早期检测对于作物精确保护至关重要。提出了一种基于多维光谱序列（multi-dimensional spectral series, MDSS）和加权随机森林（weighted random forest, WRF）的番茄灰霉病早期诊断与鉴别方法。目的是利用叶片多个观测维度的光谱曲线整体变化趋势建立作物病害检测模型,以期在肉眼明显可见叶面病斑前对作物病害实现诊断。将健康叶片接种灰霉病菌第3天作为叶片成功染病第1天。试验首先采集番茄健康叶片和染病叶片7天内每天的高光谱图像,提取感兴趣区域并计算平均光谱作为初始光谱数据,经筛选共得到(156×7)组有效样本。将样本数据按时间顺序拆分成分别包含1～7个维度的光谱数据形成多维原始光谱序列,为增加维度间差异性,相邻原始光谱序列相减构成多维关联光谱序列。分别采用符号聚合近似估计（symbolic aggregate approximation, SAX）和符号傅里叶近似估计（symbolic Fourier approximation, SFA）两种符号化方法将光谱序列离散成局部辨别性特征。基于多维光谱序列的局部辨别性特征建立加权随机森林（MDSS-SAX-SFA-WRF）分类模型,实现病害早期检测。相应地,基于单维光谱序列（single-dimensional spectral series, SDSS）的番茄灰霉病识别模型被作为基准模型与MDSS-SAX-SFA-WRF模型比较。试验结果显示,MDSS-SAX-SFA-WRF检测模型在包含2至7个光谱序列维度的56个测试样本数据中均获得90%以上识别准确率,在包含5个光谱序列维度测试集中得到最高99%的识别准确率,较SDSS-SAX-SFA-MRF检测模型在染病第5天的识别率高8.2个百分点。另外受随机干扰的影响,SDSS-SAX-SFA-MRF模型准确率在染病5～7 d出现大幅度回落至最低84%,MDSS-SAX-SFA-WRF模型识别率在肉眼可见病斑阶段依然保持超过98%的较高检测水准,未过度回落。因此,提出的基于多维光谱曲线整体变化趋势和加权随机森林（MDSS-SAX-SFA-WRF）的分类模型能够有效实现番茄灰霉病早期检测,并具有较强的鲁棒性,为染病初期的番茄灰霉病鉴别提供新思路。     

Study on Impact Property and Fracture Morphology of Injection-molded Optical-grade Polycarbonate

The low-velocity, low-energy impact response of optical-grade polycarbonate (PC) was characterized by the Izod impact testing at ambient temperature. The following factors affecting impact response were investigated: mold temperatures (80, 90, 100, 110, and 120°C) and annealing treatment (120°C for 12 h). The results showed that the annealing treatment remarkably reduced the impact strength. The maximum impact strength was obtained when the mold temperature was 100°C for both unannealed samples and annealed ones. Moreover, the annealing treatment changed the failure mode of specimens from ductile failure to brittle failure, which was confirmed by fracture morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ductile failure was attributed to shearing behavior, and the fracture surfaces were rough and irregular with many river-shaped striations. The brittle fracture was caused by a craze failure mechanism. The brittle fracture sections could be divided into three regions: fracture origin, mist region, and end-wall banded region.     

基于近红外光谱特征提取的花椰菜灰霉病早期检测

花椰菜在生长过程中容易感染灰霉病而导致产量减少,现有的分选方法难以在早期检测到感染灰霉病的花椰菜。应用近红外光谱技术实现花椰菜灰霉病的早期判别检测,对花椰菜病害防治意义重大。以接种灰霉菌孢的花椰菜为研究对象,首先,采集对照组和处理组花椰菜的近红外光谱曲线并进行去噪处理,获取4个批次共608个样本(接菌0.5,1,2和3 d每日的健康和染病花椰菜各76朵)在500～2 400 nm波段范围内的光谱曲线。同时测量花椰菜样本的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)与丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的活性值,采用单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)对单一批次的健康和染病花椰菜品质指标进行统计分析。然后,采用K-S算法(Kennard-Stone)将单天的样本划分为校正集(114个样本)与预测集(38个样本),使用竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)进行4个批次的花椰菜样本的光谱数据特征波段提取,并基于偏最小二乘回归(partial least square regression,PLSR)算法建立单一批次判别模型和组合批次判别模型。结果表明：在接菌早期,用肉眼无法实现染病花椰菜样本的识别,仅在染病第3 d后部分染病样本病害特征明显时可实现判别。测定对照组和处理组花椰菜品质指标后发现：染病2 d后,对照组和染病组样本的所有品质指标均存在显著性差异(p＜0.05),但在第0.5 d时各项指标均无显著性差异,仅在第1 d时MDA值出现显著性差异,说明从品质指标上无法判别早期染病花椰菜。建立单一批次下的PLSR判别模型后表明：第一批次样本(0.5 d)所建模型的判别准确率达到了94.74%,预测集均方根误差为0.835,第二至第四批次(接菌1～3 d)所建判别模型准确率达到100%,表明PLSR模型可以实现单一批次下早期染病花椰菜样本的检测;PLSR组合判别模型在第0.5 d和第1 d判别准确率分别达到了92.11%与97.37%,可以判别出大部分的患病花椰菜,但是PLSR组合批次建模效果低于PLSR单一批次建模。结果表明,基于近红外光谱技术,通过CARS算法提取特征波段结合PLSR模型的建立,可以在早期检测出感染灰霉病的花椰菜,为花椰菜灰霉病的早期检测提供参考,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

First Evidence of “Earth Wax” Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era

This research was focused on the analysis of material composition and organic residues present in three molds found in the Moravian region (Czech Republic) belonging to the Roman era. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy pointed out the possible remelting of Roman objects in Barbarian territory. The analysis of organic residues retrieved from the internal part of mold #2 by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry proved the presence of ozokerite wax (“earth wax”). Consequent analysis of this organic residue by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe–ion mobility spectrometry–high-resolution mass spectrometry (ASAP-IMS-HRMS) confirmed the presence of ceresin, the main component of ozokerite. Ceresin was also detected in a sample of the organic residue from mold #1. Note that this is the first application of ASAP-IMS-HRMS in archaeological research. The remains of earth wax in molds suggest the production of wax models as an intermediate stage for the production of lost-wax ceramic casting molds.     

无铆连接模具参数对异种金属板料接头成形的影响

为了研究无铆连接模具参数对 304 不锈钢和 AL6061 板料接头成形的影响，基于 DEFORM-2D 建立了有限元模型，分析了凹模深度、凹槽深度和凸模直径三个主要模具参数对接头成形的影响．研究结果表明，凹模深度越大，越有利于下板料变形，反之，则有利于上板料变形．当凹模直径一定时，凹槽深度和凸模直径过小不利于形成互锁，而凹槽深度不宜过大，避免出现充不满现象，凸模直径过大导致接头颈厚值过小．通过正交试验发现，对接头成形的影响程度从大到小依次为凸模直径、凹槽深度和凹模深度，确定了最优模具参数，并通过无铆连接实验验证了正交试验的可靠性．此外，通过剪切实验获得了接头最大剪切失效载荷为 1.8 kN．     

The study on vulcanization fouling behavior of nanocrystalline layer

Mold fouling can degrade the physical properties and reduce the aesthetic value of the molded product. A plethora of research efforts have tried addressing these drawbacks, however, an effective method to prevent the foregoing adverse effects of mold fouling is still a challenge. Here, the fouling performance of aluminum alloy with a nanocrystalline surface layer fabricated by High Pressure Shot Peening (HPSP) during vulcanization has been investigated. Results indicate that an HPSP‐treated sample shows excellent resistance of mold fouling with only 1/8 weight gain after 25 cycles, compared to its HPSP‐free counterpart. The improved release performance can be attributed to the compact passivation layer with a larger thickness and low‐energy surface obtained after HPSP treatment, as well as the strengthened surface with a lower friction coefficient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西瓜汁的超高压杀菌效果研究

 研究了西瓜汁常温超高压处理后的微生物存活量与杀菌压力、脉动施压之间的关系,并用VITEK 32型细菌鉴定仪对耐压菌种进行了鉴别。实验杀菌压力范围在100~500 MPa之间、保压时间为10 min、以“加压—保压（10 min）—卸压－停顿（5 min）”为一个脉动施压循环,对西瓜汁样品进行多次循环高压处理。结果表明：在30 ℃、处理压力达到或超过400 MPa时,西瓜汁中微生物含量达到国家食品卫生标准要求;随着脉动施压次数的增加,微生物存活量减少;西瓜汁中残存耐压菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,达70%,此外还残存有少量革兰氏阴性菌和霉菌。