基于微信公众号的无机及分析化学实验数据提交及评分系统的建设与应用*

为了公平和客观地评价无机及分析化学类实验成绩,依托“浙大化学实验教学中心”微信公众号,建设了“实验数据提交及评分”系统,实现了对标准溶液标定、产品测定、分光光度法测定以及活化能测定等20多个实验项目的数据提交、处理和评分。本系统受益面极广,方便了学生及时提交数据,提高了教师评判实验成绩的效率,取得了很好的应用效果。     

Removal of pesticide chlorobenzene by anodic degradation: Variable effects and mechanism

The oxidation of chlorobenzene (CB) was studied by electrochemical electrolysis using boron-doped diamond (BDD), PbO₂ or platine (Pt) as anode and graphite bar as cathode. The effect of applied current density, supporting electrolyte and initial pH value were also studied. The results demonstrated that BDD anode had the best effectiveness and accomplishment of electrochemical degradation of CB compared to PbO₂ and Pt anodes. For a current density of 20 mA/cm² and at pH = 3, the elimination of COD and TOC were about 97% and 98%, respectively, after 360 min of electrolysis with the BDD anode. Pseudo-first order kinetics appears to be the most appropriate to describe the degradation of chlorobenzene. The electrochemical mechanism of chlorobenzene on BDD was proposed based on the identified intermediates.     

On closed manifolds admitting an Anosov diffeomorphism but no expanding map

A few years ago, the first example of a closed manifold admitting an Anosov diffeomorphism but no expanding map was given. Unfortunately, this example is not explicit and is high-dimensional, although its exact dimension is unknown due to the type of construction. In this paper, we present a family of concrete 12-dimensional nilmanifolds with an Anosov diffeomorphism but no expanding map, where a nilmanifold is defined as the quotient of a 1-connected nilpotent Lie group by a cocompact lattice. We show that this family has the smallest possible dimension in the class of infra-nilmanifolds, which is conjectured to be the only type of manifolds admitting Anosov diffeomorphisms up to homeomorphism. The proof shows how to construct positive gradings from the eigenvalues of the Anosov diffeomorphism under some additional assumptions related to the rank, using the action of the Galois group on these algebraic units.     

Boron-doped diamond electrodes for the mineralization of organic pollutants in the real wastewater

The presence of recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater poses a serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes constitute a promising way for the mineralization of persistent organic compounds. They are commonly used for the transformation of organic pollutants into more biodegradable compounds or their complete removal from water. In this review, we present the recent advances in the use of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in the anodic oxidation process for the mineralization of real wastewater. First, the characteristic properties of BDD electrodes are discussed followed by the degradation mechanism. In addition, an overview on the application of BDD electrodes for mineralization of real wastewater is provided.     

Application of boron-doped diamond electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of real wastewaters

Recently, the synthesis of boron-doped diamond electrodes on different substrates and shapes have reached a promising development stage. Now, these electrodes can also be effectively used to destroy toxic or biorefractory organics in real effluents, such as municipal wastewaters effluents, hospital wastewaters, groundwater, petrochemical effluent, wastewaters from agri–food activities, and so on. The results of this mini-review show that BDD is effectively even for such real effluents, allowing the removal of pollutants under several different conditions. Nevertheless, further efforts are necessary to reach a wider market; in particular, the next stages must face the optimization of cell design and the integration of the electrochemical system with other water treatment and renewable energy sources.     

Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants in low conductive solutions

This mini-review supplies current opinion about the most recent works, which have been carried out toward the electrochemical treatment of organic compounds spike in low conductive solution. In particular, the first section is focused on the use of a solid polymer electrolyte in order to allow current flux with a low cell voltage even in a solution without supporting electrolyte. Meanwhile, the second section describes the microfluidic cells that are characterized by very small distances between electrodes (tens or few hundreds μm) that reduce the ohmic resistances and increase the mass transport of the pollutants to electrodes’ surfaces.     

The high concentration and uniform distribution of diamond particles in Ni‐diamond composite coatings by sediment co‐deposition

Ni‐diamond composite coatings with high concentration and uniform distribution of diamond particles were prepared by using sediment co‐deposition (SCD) technique from Watts‐type electrolyte without any additives. The surface and cross‐section morphology was evaluated by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was demonstrated that the Ni‐monolayer diamond composite coatings ~40 ± 5 µm was successfully prepared by the new developed setup for SCD technique. Using this new developed setup, high concentration and uniform distribution of diamond particles of Ni‐monolayer diamond composite coatings were easily fabricated. The wear resistance and cutting performance of obtained composite coatings were also investigated. The results revealed that anti‐wear and cutting performance is superior to those prepared via conventional co‐electrodeposition (CED) technique and pure Ni coatings. In the SCD process, with the increasing diamond content, the wear resistance is approximately the same, and the cutting performance decreases. Therefore, not only the diamond particle content is responsible for the wear resistance and cutting performance, the distribution of diamond particles is also very important factor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Voltammetric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Melatonin and Pyridoxine in Dietary Supplements Using a Cathodically Pretreated Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode

The simultaneous voltammetric determination of melatonin (MT) and pyridoxine (PY) has been carried out at a cathodically pretreated boron‐doped diamond electrode. By using cyclic voltammetry, a separation of the oxidation peak potentials of both compounds present in mixture was about 0.47 V in Britton‐Robinson buffer, pH 2. The results obtained by square‐wave voltammetry allowed a method to be developed for determination of MT and PY simultaneously in the ranges 1–100 μg mL⁻¹ (4.3×10⁻⁶–4.3×10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹) and 10–175 μg mL⁻¹ (4.9×10⁻⁵–8.5×10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹), with detection limits of 0.14 μg mL⁻¹ (6.0×10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹) and 1.35 μg mL⁻¹ (6.6×10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹), respectively. The proposed method was successfully to the dietary supplements samples containing these compounds for health‐caring purposes.     

Impact of high N2 flow ratio on the chemical and morphological characteristics of sputtered N‐DLC films

Because of their outstanding characteristics, diamond‐like carbon (DLC) thin films have been recognized as interesting materials for a variety of applications. For this reason, the effects of the incorporation of different elements on their fundamental properties have been the focus of many studies. In this work, nitrogen‐incorporated DLC films were deposited on Si (100) substrates by DC magnetron sputtering of a graphite target under a variable N₂ gas flow rate in CH₄ + N₂ + Ar gas mixtures. The influence of high N₂ flow ratios (20, 40 and 60%) on the chemical, structural and morphological properties of N‐DLC films was investigated. Different techniques including field emission gun‐equipped scanning electron microscope (FEG‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), profilometry, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and Raman spectroscopy (325‐nm and 514‐nm excitation) were used to examine the properties of the N‐DLC films. Thus, the incorporation of nitrogen was correlated with the morphology, roughness, thickness, structure and chemical bonding of the films. Overall, the results obtained indicate that the fundamental properties of N‐DLC films are not only related to the nitrogen content in the film but also to the type of chemical bonds formed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.