全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1795篇 |
免费 | 137篇 |
国内免费 | 248篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1385篇 |
晶体学 | 36篇 |
力学 | 11篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
物理学 | 746篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 22篇 |
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 51篇 |
2019年 | 36篇 |
2018年 | 25篇 |
2017年 | 54篇 |
2016年 | 29篇 |
2015年 | 51篇 |
2014年 | 37篇 |
2013年 | 96篇 |
2012年 | 63篇 |
2011年 | 143篇 |
2010年 | 107篇 |
2009年 | 140篇 |
2008年 | 128篇 |
2007年 | 144篇 |
2006年 | 179篇 |
2005年 | 113篇 |
2004年 | 109篇 |
2003年 | 122篇 |
2002年 | 68篇 |
2001年 | 64篇 |
2000年 | 42篇 |
1999年 | 37篇 |
1998年 | 44篇 |
1997年 | 32篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 24篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2180条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2005,37(10):773-781
The formation of a passivation film (solid electrolyte interphase, SEI) at the surface of the negative electrode of full LiCoO2/graphite lithium‐ion cells using LiPF6 (1M ) in carbonate solvents as electrolyte was investigated by means of x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The analyses were carried out at different potentials of the first and the fifth cycles, showing the potential‐dependent character of the surface‐film species formation. These species were mainly identified as Li2CO3 up to 3.8 V and LiF up to 4.2 V. This study shows the formation of the SEI during charging and its partial dissolution during discharge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
合成了NTAAM,NTMAAM,NPMAAM功能单体,发现这类功能单体与铈离子组成的体系能引发丙烯酰胺聚合,带有这类功能单体的聚合物和共聚物铸成的膜,能用铈离子引发丙烯酰胺接枝共聚合。这可从反应后的膜比基膜有较大的吸水率、与水有较小的接触角,也可从扫描电子显微镜观察到表面上有凸起图象的高分子链,以及从膜表面的X射线光电子能谱所证实。同时研究了共聚物膜的组成、反应条件对接枝共聚合的影响。 相似文献
83.
Analytical characterization of bioactive fluoropolymer ultra-thin coatings modified by copper nanoparticles 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Cioffi N Ditaranto N Torsi L Picca RA Sabbatini L Valentini A Novello L Tantillo G Bleve-Zacheo T Zambonin PG 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2005,381(3):607-616
Copper–fluoropolymer (Cu-CFx) nano-composite films are deposited by dual ion-beam sputtering. The extensive analytical characterization of these layers reveals that inorganic nanoparticles composed of Cu(II) species are evenly dispersed in a branched fluoropolymer matrix. In particular, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been employed to study the surface chemical composition of the material and to assess how it changes on increasing the copper loading in the composite. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the copper nanoclusters have a mean diameter of 2–3 nm and are homogeneously in-plane distributed in the composite films. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the kinetics of copper release in the solutions employed for the biological tests. The Cu-CFx layers are employed as bioactive coatings capable of inhibiting the growth of target microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lysteria. The results of the analytical characterization enable a strict correlation to be established among the chemical composition of the material surface, the concentration of copper dissolved in the microorganisms broths, and the bioactivity of the nano-structured layer. 相似文献
84.
85.
《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2003,35(2):216-225
Catalysts of Co,K/La2O3 have been prepared by wet impregnation. The samples have been calcined at 400°C and 700°C and have been characterized for phase composition using x‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XPS analysis of the samples has been obtained by examination of the O 1s, K 2p, C 1s and La 3d spectral regions. The XPS data are discussed with respect to the calcination temperatures and the soot combustion performed in the spectrometer reaction chamber. Analysis of the XPS data indicates considerable carbonation of the surfaces of all samples, even after burning the soot. The K/La2O3 solid presents the highest content of surface carbonated species, showing the highest catalytic activity for soot combustion. Interaction of the catalysts with CO2 is studied by temperature‐programmed desorption and microbalance experiments. Kinetic studies and surface characterization of the potassium‐containing samples suggest that an appropriate surface potassium concentration is necessary for a synergetic action between potassium and lanthanum. In the cobalt‐containing catalysts calcined at 700°C, an increase is observed in the concentration of the outer‐layer perovskite species when the potassium content increases, following the same tendency observed in the bulk. Such LaCoO3 species would limit the reaction of lanthanum with CO2. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
86.
87.
88.
Carbon-Fluorine Bondings of Fluorinated Fullerene and Graphite 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carbon-fluorine bondings of fluorinated fullerenes and fluorine-graphite intercalation compound CxF were investigated in detail on the basis of XPS data and the potential model using the charge distribution calculated by semiempirical method. It has been confirmed by the present study that two peaks in the C1s spectra observed for fluorinated fullerenes are assigned to carbon atoms bonded to fluorine atoms and those unbound to fluorine atoms, and the small difference in charges and Madelung potentials of fluorine atoms in different circumstances well explains the single peak in F1s spectra of fluorinated fullerenes. In the calculated structures of 1,3-C60F2 and 1,2-C60Fx (x = 2?6) used as the models of CxF, three kinds of carbon-fluorine bondings were observed corresponding to nearly ionic, semicovalent and covalent C? F bondings. The calculated result supports that the bi-intercalation structure of stage 1 CxF consists of nearly ionic and semi-covalent fluorines. 相似文献
89.
Surface modification of poly [1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) membranes bybromine vapor has been studied. It is shown that Br/C atomic ratio at the surfaces increased withthe time of bromination until about 60 min, then it reached a plateau. The results of XPS and IRstudies indicated that the addition of bromine to double bonds and the replacement of H on CH_3 bybromine had taken place so that a new peak at 286.0 eV (C--Br)in C_(1s) spectra and some newbands, e. g. at 1220 and 580cm~(-1) in IR spectra were formed. The fact,t Po_2, permeability ofoxygen, decreased and α_(O_2/N_2), separation factor of oxygen relative to nitrogen, increased withbromination time, shows that surface modification of PTMSP by bromine may be an efficient approach to prepare PTMSP membranes used for practical gas separations. 相似文献
90.
《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2003,35(10):842-851
The electrochemical underpotential deposition (UPD) of lead on Au(110) was investigated by XPS using a custom‐built ultrahigh vacuum apparatus containing a chamber for electrochemical studies. A two‐step deposition process for lead UPD was confirmed. A large increase in the surface concentration of oxygen was found in solutions containing lead. The presence of lead was detected on the gold surface at all potentials within the range investigated (?500 mV to 1500 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). Degradation of chlorine by x‐rays was observed. The change in surface components with potential was investigated and linked to models of UPD and oxidation. The initial random deposition of lead from solution led to surface disordering. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献