Effects of Nb2O5 on thermal stability and optical properties of Er3+-doped tellurite glasses

Er³⁺-doped tellurite glasses with molar compositions of xNb₂O₅-(14.7-x)Na₂O--10ZnO--5K₂O--10GeO₂-- 60TeO₂--0.3Er₂O₃ (x=0, 3, 5, 7 and 9) have been investigated for developing 1.5~μm fibre and planar amplifiers. The effects of Nb₂O₅ on the thermal stability and optical properties of Er³⁺-doped tellurite glasses have been discussed. It is noted that the incorporation of Nb₂O₅ (x=5) increases the thermal stability of tellurite glasses significantly. Er³⁺-doped niobium tellurite glasses exhibit a large stimulated emission cross-section (7.2\times 10^-21- 10.7×10^-21~cm² and the gain bandwidth, FWHM×\sigma_e^{\rm peak} (274\times 10^-28 - 480×10^-28~cm³), which are significantly higher than that of silicate and phosphate glasses. In addition, the intensity of upconversion luminescence of the Er³⁺-doped niobium tellurite glasses decreases rapidly with increasing Nb₂O₅ content. As a result, Er³⁺-doped niobium tellurite glasses might be a potential candidate for developing laser or optical amplifier devices.     

Cu(1 1 1) and Cu(0 0 1) surface electronic states. Comparison between theory and experiment

Recent advances in both the experimental resolution and in the computational capabilities motivate new studies of surface properties. In particular, a detailed comparison between theoretical and experimental data is expected to provide a better insight into surface and image states. In this work we present a joint effort analyzing such features of the Cu(1 1 1) and Cu(0 0 1) surfaces. The experiments are performed by using both linear and non-linear angle-resolved photoemission. From the theoretical point of view, we make use of the Green function embedding technique within density functional theory. We are able to account for the image states by suitably modifying the effective potential in the Kohn-Sham equation and the generalized boundary conditions on the Green function. Comprehensive theoretical and experimental results on the effective mass and the binding energy of the Shockley state and the first image states are reported.     

A transmission line model for subwavelength metallic grating with single cut

A transmission line model for subwavelength metallic grating with single cut is presented. The model is based on analogy between the subwavelength metallic structure and the microwave transmission line theory. The analytical expression for the transmission is derived by the transfer matrix method. To confirm our model, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method simulations are carried out. The influences of the position of the cuts on the higher modes of slit are presented. It is found that the transmission line model gives analytical prediction about the evolution of the transmission spectra.     

Exchange bias with Fe substitution in LaMnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

We observe the negative shift of the magnetic hysteresis loop at 5 K, while the sample is cooled in external magnetic field in case of 30% of Fe substitution in LaMnO₃. The negative shift and training effect of the hysteresis loops indicate the phenomenon of exchange bias. The cooling field dependence of the negative shift increases with the cooling field below 7.0 kOe and then, decreases with further increase of cooling field. The temperature dependence of the negative shift of the hysteresis loops exhibits that the negative shift decreases sharply with increasing temperature and vanishes above 20 K. Temperature dependence of dc magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements show a sharp peak (T_p) at 51 K and a shoulder (T_f) around 20 K. The relaxation of magnetization shows the ferromagnetic and glassy magnetic components in the relaxation process, which is in consistent with the cluster-glass compound.     

不均匀性:非晶合金的灵魂

非晶合金,即金属玻璃,是一类特殊的由基本化学元素组成的非晶态物质,由于其独特的微观组织结构,展现出了不同于传统晶态合金材料的特殊物性,而成为高性能材料应用领域的重要一员.由于非晶合金的结构无序性,且当前精确表征其微观结构的实验手段缺乏,相应的理论模型也不完善,人们对非晶合金中一些基础物理问题的认识尚且不足,无法形成基本的理论框架来精确地描述其物性产生的微观机理.因而,当前非晶合金研究的核心问题可以概括为:如何建立以微观特征或结构为基础的基本理论框架,准确地概括非晶合金物性的微观机理.在过去几十年里,针对非晶合金的大量研究表明,在非晶合金长程无序的特征中,隐藏着本征的不均匀性和有序,且这些不均匀性的特征与材料物性有着密切的关联,使得建立以不均匀性特征为基础的理论框架成为可能.本文从非晶合金微观特征的不均匀性包括静态不均匀性和动态不均匀性的视角出发,概括性地总结了非晶合金材料与物理研究中取得的丰硕成果,及当前需要关注的重要科学问题,并针对未来可能的研究模式进行了展望.     

超高强块体非晶合金的研究进展

研制具有极限力学性能的金属材料一直是材料研究人员的梦想.超高强块体非晶合金是一类具有极高断裂强度(4 GPa)、高热稳定性(玻璃化转变温度通常高于800 K)和高硬度(通常高于12 GPa)的新型先进金属材料,其代表合金材料Co-Ta-B的断裂强度可达6 GPa,为目前公开报道的块体金属材料的强度记录值.本文系统地综述了该类超高强度块体非晶合金的组分、热学性能、弹性模量及力学性能,阐述了该类材料的研发历程;以弹性模量为联系桥梁,阐明了该类超高强块体非晶合金材料各物理性能的关联性,并揭示了其高强度、高硬度的价键本质.相关内容对于材料工作者了解该类超高强度金属材料的性能和特点,并推进该类材料在航空航天先进制造、超持久部件、机械加工等领域的实际应用有着重要意义.     

Many-body effect in the M45–N23N45–N45N45N45 coincidence spectroscopy spectra of metallic elements around Cd

The quasi-particle approximation for the 4p4d state of the metallic elements around Cd breaks down because of very rapid 4p4d–4d³ super Coster–Kroning (sCK) decay of the 4p hole in the presence of the spectator 4d hole. Here the underbar is a hole. As a result, the 4p4d multiplet coupling breaks down. We can examine the presence or absence of the 4p4d multiplet by Auger-electron sCK-electron coincidence spectroscopy measurement of the 3d–4p4d–4d³ Auger-preceded sCK transitions. We collect the sCK-electrons in coincidence with the Auger-electrons of a selected kinetic energy (KE) and vice versa. If the multiplet coupling breaks down and does not exist, the coincidence sCK-electron (or Auger-electron) lines shift as much as the Auger-electron (or sCK-electron) analyzer's selected KE is varied. We can determine not only the three 4d-hole sCK final-state energy but also the presence or absence of the 4p4d multiplet by Auger-electron sCK-electron coincidence spectroscopy. The unique capability of the coincidence measurement by which one can determine the correlation between an Auger-electron and a sCK electron generated, respectively, by creation and annihilation of the same Auger two-hole final state is very useful, even when the quasi-particle approximation of the two-hole state breaks down.     

+1/-1相位掩模板和532nm激光下低损耗As_2S_3硫系光纤布喇格光栅的制备

采用改进型Sagnac干涉光栅写入系统,利用532nm准带隙光曝光源和带+1/-1衍射级的相位掩模板,在两种不同直径的低损耗As_2S_3硫系玻璃光纤上刻写布喇格光栅,并研究曝光期间光栅的动态特性.实验表明,As_2S_3光纤布喇格光栅透射峰值随光纤直径的减小而增强;在曝光过程中,布喇格波长先是较快地向短波长方向移动,随着曝光时间的延长,布喇格波长缓慢地向长波长方向回复.曝光时间为800~1 000s时,在包层直径为140μm的As_2S_3光纤上获得质量良好的布喇格光栅光谱,其透射峰值可达-2.6dB,带宽为0.37nm.对As_2S_3硫系光纤纤芯的光敏性分析结果表明,折射率调制幅度和平均折射率变化随曝光时间分别可达到10-4和10-3数量级.     

Adaptive extremal optimization by detrended fluctuation analysis

Global optimization is one of the key challenges in computational physics as several problems, e.g. protein structure prediction, the low-energy landscape of atomic clusters, detection of community structures in networks, or model-parameter fitting can be formulated as global optimization problems. Extremal optimization (EO) has become in recent years one particular, successful approach to the global optimization problem. As with almost all other global optimization approaches, EO is driven by an internal dynamics that depends crucially on one or more parameters. Recently, the existence of an optimal scheme for this internal parameter of EO was proven, so as to maximize the performance of the algorithm. However, this proof was not constructive, that is, one cannot use it to deduce the optimal parameter itself a priori. In this study we analyze the dynamics of EO for a test problem (spin glasses). Based on the results we propose an online measure of the performance of EO and a way to use this insight to reformulate the EO algorithm in order to construct optimal values of the internal parameter online without any input by the user. This approach will ultimately allow us to make EO parameter free and thus its application in general global optimization problems much more efficient.     

Laser-diode excited intense upconversion luminescence of Er^3＋ in bismuth-lead-germanate glasses

We have investigated infrared-to-visible upconversion luminescence of Er^3＋ in bismuth-lead-germanate glasses. The UV cutoff wavelength is shortened while its lifetime is increased almost linearly, with PbF2 substituting for PbO in the bismuth-lead germanate glasses. Three emissions centred at around 529, 545 and 657 nm are clearly observed, which are identified as originating from the ^2H11/2→^4 I15/2,^4S3/2→^4 I15/2 and ^4 F9/2 →^4 I15/2 transitions, respectively. It is noted that all the upconversion emission intensities increase with PbF2 concentration increasing. The ratio between the intensities of red and green emissions increases with the increasing of PbF2 content. Energy transfer processes and nonradiative phonon-assisted decays account for the populations of the ^2 H11/2,^4 S3/2 and ^4F 9/2 levels. The quadratic dependence of fluorescence on excitation laser power confirms a two-photon process to contribute to the upconversion emissions.