Projections of three-dimensional regions

The aim of this note is to improve the teaching of triple integrals.     

Tailored thioxanthone‐based photoinitiators for two‐photon‐controllable polymerization and nanolithographic printing

Printing of high‐resolution three‐dimensional nanostructures utilizing two‐photon polymerization has gained significant attention recently. In particular, isopropyl thioxanthone (ITX) has been implemented as a photoinitiator due to its capability of initiating and depleting polymerization on demand, but new photoinitiating materials are still needed in order to reduce the power requirements for the high‐throughput creation of 3D structures. To address this point, a suite of new thioxanthone‐based photoinitiators were synthesized and characterized. Then two‐photon polymerization was performed using the most promising photoinitiating molecule. Importantly, one of the initiators, 2,7‐bis[(4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl ethynyl)‐9H‐thioxanthen‐9‐one] (BDAPT), showed a fivefold improvement in the writing threshold over the commonly used ITX molecule. To elucidate the fundamental mechanism, the excitation and inhibition behavior of the BDAPT molecule were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, low‐temperature phosphorescence spectroscopy, ultra‐fast transient absorption spectroscopy, and the two‐photon Z‐scan spectroscopic technique. The improved polymerization threshold of this new photoinitiator presents a clear pathway for the modification of photoinitiators in 3D nanoprinting. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 1462–1475     

复杂离子反应的规律及其离子方程式书写策略

基于中学教学实际，针对师生对复杂离子反应及其离子方程式书写的困惑，通过整理和归纳，把复杂离子反应分为连锁反应、并列反应和竞争反应等3种反应类型，探究了复杂离子反应的规律、分析策略、离子方程式书写的方法及应用。     

Micro‐ and submicrometric waveguiding structures in optical crystals produced by ion beams for photonic applications

Energetic ion beams with diverse energies, species and beam dimensions have been extensively utilized to modify the properties of materials to achieve versatile applications in many aspects of industry, agriculture and scientific research. In optics, the ion‐beam technology has been applied to fabricate various micro‐ and submicrometric guiding structures on a wide range of optical crystals through the efficient modulation of the refractive indices or structuring of the surface, realizing various applications in many branches of photonics. The ion‐beam fabricated optical waveguides and other photonic structures have shown good guiding performance as well as properties related to the materials, suggesting promising potential for many aspects of photonics. This paper gives the state‐of‐the‐art review of fabrication, characterization and application on the ion‐beam‐processed micro‐ and submicrometric photonic structures by highlighting the most recent research progress. A brief prospect is presented by focusing on a few potential spotlights.     

大学生物理化学实验报告写作能力的评价工具设计研究*

科学写作能力的培养已被国内外科学教育研究者广泛关注。实验报告作为科学写作的典型形式之一,其撰写质量在教学环节中却时常被忽视。本研究提出实验报告写作能力应包含完整性、规范性、科学性等3个维度。基于物理化学课程实验任务,设计了一个信效度良好的物理化学实验报告写作能力评价工具。     

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

We report a study of the determination of polymer cross‐linking, namely the degree of conversion and refractive index of the microstructures created by two‐photon polymerization (TPP). The influence of TPP processing parameters such as laser intensity and scanning velocity is investigated. The degree of conversion is analyzed via Raman microspectroscopy and the refractive index is measured with the interferometric technique employing a Michelson interferometer. Moreover, the relationship between these two properties is revealed and details are discussed. The largest refractive index change that we have obtained is of the order of 10⁻². Finally, we propose and demonstrate experimentally the realization of the gradient‐index (GRIN) structure, resulting from a laser‐induced local refractive index modification due to monomer cross‐linking, i.e. degree of conversion. This work implies that the TPP technique is a valuable tool for the fabrication of GRIN microoptics for (in)homogeneous molding of light flow at the micrometer scale.

     

Field asymmetry of the dynamic gain coefficient in organic photorefractive devices

The performance of amorphous organic photorefractive materials in holographic two-beam coupling experiments in the typical tilted geometry was found to be asymmetric with respect to the applied electric field direction. For one field direction, light is coupled into the polymer layer and can be detected on the side of the devices. For the other, the originally Gaussian-shaped writing beams show a shoulder or even split into two. The strength of the asymmetry depends on the diameter of the beams writing the hologram. We demonstrate that this effect is due to beam fanning. As a result of the fanning, the apparent photorefractive gain coefficients take on unphysical values.     

关于概率统计教学中“识”的培养

概率统计教学要注意引导和培养学生的“识”．要充分认识到：理解思维是识之核;善于观察是识之源;重于思考是识之力;强化实践是识之魂;乐于批判是识之本．重知重识,促进学生可持续发展．     

Writing low-loss waveguides in borosilicate (BK7) glass with a low-repetition-rate femtosecond laser

Borosilicate glass (BK7) is a widely-used material in integrated optics devices and in the optical communications industry. We report on laser-written waveguiding in BK7 glass using a low-repetition-rate (1 kHz) laser producing 40 fs pulses of 800 nm light. A 500 μm slit is used to write structures 100 μm below the glass surface. These waveguides show strong guidance at 635 nm, with an index contrast of 3 × 10^− 4 and a propagation loss of ~ 0.5 dB/cm. We measured the change in refractive index for a range of writing conditions as quantified in terms of energy dose; there is an energy dose window (> 0.6 μJ μm^− 3 and < 1.5 μJ μm^− 3) within which the written structures show guidance.     

高准确度多功能激光直写装置

采用高数值孔径物镜和高准确度纳米平台搭建了一台激光直写装置,可以在光敏感薄膜材料上进行打点、刻画矢量和标量图形等多种操作,其最小特征尺寸小于300 nm,重复性5 nm.在刻写前准确标定刻写激光功率,刻写过程中采用象散法精确自动聚焦,刻写完成后采用两种不同波长的激光束探测样品的透过率和反射率的细微变化,最终实现了高准确度亚微米图形的刻写和检测.