Terroir Effect on the Phenolic Composition and Chromatic Characteristics of Mencía/Jaen Monovarietal Wines: Bierzo D.O. (Spain) and Dão D.O. (Portugal)

‘Mencía’/‘Jaen’ it’s an important red grape variety, exclusive of the Iberian Peninsula, used in wine production namely in Bierzo D.O. and Dão D.O., respectively. This work evaluates the effect of the two different “terroirs” on the phenolic composition and chromatic characteristics of ‘Mencía’/‘Jaen’ monovarietal wines produced at an industrial scale in the same vintage. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares-Discrimination Analysis (PLS-DA), and Orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) it was found that peonidin-3-coumaroylglucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-coumaroylglucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-acetylglucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and ferulic acid were the phenolic compounds with the highest differences between the two regions. PLS regression allowed to correlate the differences in lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of wines from ‘Jaen’ and ‘Mencía’ to differences in colored anthocyanins, polymeric pigments, total pigments, total anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-acetylglucoside, delphinidin-3-acetylglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-coumaroylglucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside in wines, and the colorless ferulic, caffeic, and coutaric acids, and ethyl caffeate. The wines a* values were more affected by colored anthocyanins, ferulic acid, total anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-acetylglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside and petunidin-3-acetylglucoside, and catechin. The positive influence of ferulic acid in the a* values and ferulic, caffeic, coutaric acids, and ethyl caffeate on the L* values can be due to the co-pigmentation phenomena. The higher dryness and lower temperatures during the September nights in this vintage might explain the differences observed in the anthocyanin content and chromatic characteristics of the wines.     

需求弹性在价格决策中的应用

将着眼点由总收益改变为总利润,对于需求弹性用于价格决策,利用微积分方法,分5种情况进行推导,得到的结论修正和补充了现行"经济数学"、"市场营销学"和"管理经济学"等教科书里讲的内容,并在此基础上进一步研究了最佳调价量问题.     

The additive property of the inconsistency degree in intertemporal decision making through the generalization of psychophysical laws

Intertemporal decision making involves choices among options whose effects occur at different moments. These choices are influenced not only by the effect of reward value perception at different moments, but also by the time perception effect. One of the main difficulties that affect standard experiments involving intertemporal choices is the simultaneity of both effects on time discounting. In this paper, we unify the psychophysical laws and discount value functions using the one-parameter exponential and logarithmic functions from nonextensive statistical mechanics. Also, we propose to measure the degree of inconsistency. This quantity allow us to discriminate both effects of time and value perception on discounting process and, by integration, obtain other main quantities like impulsivity and discount functions.     

Thermal analysis and water-cooling design of the CSNS MEBT 324 MHz buncher cavity

At least two bunchers are needed in the 3 MeV H- Medium Energy Beam Transport(MEBT)line located between RFQ and DTL for the CSNS(China Spallation Neutron Source).A nose-cone geometry has been adopted as the type of buncher cavity for its simplicity,higher impedance and lower risk of multipacting.By making use of the results got from the simulations on the buncher with two-dimension code SUPERFISH,the thermal and structural analyses have been carried out,the process and results to determine the resulting frequency shift due to thermal and structural distortion of the cavity are presented,the water-cooling channel position and the optimum cooling water temperature as well as the tuning method by adjusting the cooling water temperature when the cavity is out of resonance are also determined through the analyses.     

Evolutionary search for difficult problem instances to support the design of job shop dispatching rules

Dispatching rules are simple scheduling heuristics that are widely applied in industrial practice. Their popularity can be attributed to their ability to flexibly react to shop floor disruptions that are prevalent in many real-world manufacturing environments. However, it is a challenging and time-consuming task to design local, decentralised dispatching rules that result in a good global performance of a complex shop.An evolutionary algorithm is developed to generate job shop problem instances for which an examined dispatching rule fails to achieve a good solution due to a single suboptimal decision. These instances can be easily analysed to reveal limitations of that rule which helps with the design of better rules. The method is applied to a job shop problem from the literature, resulting in new best dispatching rules for the mean flow time measure.     

Product design and selection using fuzzy QFD and fuzzy MCDM approaches

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a useful analyzing tool in product design and development. To solve the uncertainty or imprecision in QFD, numerous researchers have applied the fuzzy set theory to QFD and developed various fuzzy QFD models. Three issues are investigated by examining their models. First, the extant studies focused on identifying important engineering characteristics and seldom explored the subsequent prototype product selection issue. Secondly, the previous studies usually use fuzzy number algebraic operations to calculate the fuzzy sets in QFD. This approach may cause a great deviation in the result from the correct value. Thirdly, few studies have paid attention to the competitive analysis in QFD. However, it can provide product developers with a large amount of valuable information. Aimed at these three issues, this study integrates fuzzy QFD and the prototype product selection model to develop a product design and selection (PDS) approach. In fuzzy QFD, the α-cut operation is adopted to calculate the fuzzy set of each component. Competitive analysis and the correlations among engineering characteristics are also considered. In prototype product selection, engineering characteristics and the factors involved in product development are considered. A fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach is proposed to select the best prototype product. A case study is given to illustrate the research steps for the proposed PDS method. The proposed method provides product developers with more useful information and precise analysis results. Thus, the PDS method can serve as a helpful decision-aid tool in product design.     

定量型多指标决策的层次分析法探讨

本文采用等级标度与层次分析综合的方法对定量型多指标决策问题进行了讨论，它既是层次分析法在定量型多指标决策中的合理推广，同时也为定量型多指标决策问题提供了一种行之有效的方法．     

Multicriteria analysis in decision making under information uncertainty

This paper presents results of research related to multicriteria decision making under information uncertainty. The Bellman–Zadeh approach to decision making in a fuzzy environment is utilized for analyzing multicriteria optimization models (X,M models) under deterministic information. Its application conforms to the principle of guaranteed result and provides constructive lines in obtaining harmonious solutions on the basis of analyzing associated maxmin problems. This circumstance permits one to generalize the classic approach to considering the uncertainty of quantitative information (based on constructing and analyzing payoff matrices reflecting effects which can be obtained for different combinations of solution alternatives and the so-called states of nature) in monocriteria decision making to multicriteria problems. Considering that the uncertainty of information can produce considerable decision uncertainty regions, the resolving capacity of this generalization does not always permit one to obtain unique solutions. Taking this into account, a proposed general scheme of multicriteria decision making under information uncertainty also includes the construction and analysis of the so-called X,R models (which contain fuzzy preference relations as criteria of optimality) as a means for the subsequent contraction of the decision uncertainty regions. The paper results are of a universal character and are illustrated by a simple example.     

Using a partially observable Markov chain model to assess colonoscopy screening strategies – A cohort study

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is notoriously hard to combat for its high incidence and mortality rates. However, with improved screening technology and better understanding of disease pathways, CRC is more likely to be detected at early stage and thus more likely to be cured. Among the available screening methods, colonoscopy is most commonly used in the U.S. because of its capability of visualizing the entire colon and removing the polyps it detected. The current national guideline for colonoscopy screening recommends an observation-based screening strategy. Nevertheless, there is scant research studying the cost-effectiveness of the recommended observation-based strategy and its variants. In this paper, we describe a partially observable Markov chain (POMC) model which allows us to assess the cost-effectiveness of both fixed-interval and observation-based colonoscopy screening strategies. In our model, we consider detailed adenomatous polyp states and estimate state transition probabilities based on longitudinal clinical data from a specific population cohort. We conduct a comprehensive numerical study which investigates several key factors in screening strategy design, including screening frequency, initial screening age, screening end age, and screening compliance rate. We also conduct sensitivity analyses on the cost and quality of life parameters. Our numerical result demonstrates the usability of our model in assessing colonoscopy screening strategies with consideration of partial observation of true health states. This research facilitates future design of better colonoscopy screening strategies.     

Simultaneous Determination of Organotin Compounds in White Wine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A simple, reliable, and effective analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of five organotin compounds (OTCs) including monobutyltin trichloride dibutyltin dichloride tributyltin chloride tetrabutyltin and triphenyltin chloride in white wines. The OTCs were derivatized with sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt₄), and their derivatives were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) into n-hexane. The experimental variables, such as type and volume of extraction solvents, amount of derivatization reagent NaBEt₄ and extraction time were optimized. The determination of ethylated derivatives of OTCs in the final extracts was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Under optimized conditions, good linearity was observed when analytical concentrations were in the range of 0.01–4.0 µg · mL^?1, the linearity correlation coefficients were between 0.9982 and 0.9987, with the LODs in the range of 0.2–3.0 µg · L^?1, and the LOQs varied from 0.6 to 10.0 µg · L^?1. The obtained recoveries were in the range of 78.0–120.0%, with the relative standard deviations equal to or lower than 8.1%. This method was applied to the determination of OTCs in white wines with satisfactory results.