基于曲线拟合的形态相似鹅膏菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试了形态相似的灰疣鹅膏菌、灰绒鹅膏菌和灰褶鹅膏菌的光谱,结果显示,它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱主要由蛋白质和多糖的振动吸收带组成,其蛋白质的吸收频率略有差。选择酰胺I带(中心频率1647cm-1)进行傅里叶自去卷积和曲线拟合处理后3种鹅膏菌中蛋白质在酰胺I带的吸收峰都由12个子峰叠加而成,其中在无序(1650cm-1)、α螺旋(1658cm-1)和β转角结构(1666cm-1)的振动吸收峰上,灰褶鹅膏菌吸收峰的面积百分比分别是20.98%、4.47%和17.14%,明显地区别于其它两种鹅膏菌(灰疣鹅膏菌:10.26%、12.58%和7.71%;灰绒鹅膏菌:14.33%、9.76%和8.83%)。在1683cm-1处的β转角吸收峰上,灰绒鹅膏菌吸收峰的面积百分比是1.92%,明显小于其它两种鹅膏菌(灰疣鹅膏菌:8.03%;灰褶鹅膏菌:6.65%)。研究表明:傅里叶变换红外光谱技术能提供大型真菌所含蛋白质二级结构信息。     

Biological Investigation and Chemical Study of Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Brassicaeae) Leaves

Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & Mazzola, belonging to the Brassica oleracea complex, is a wild edible plant endemic to western Sicily and a relative of modern cultivated Brassica crops. In this study, the antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activities, enzymatic inhibition, and cytotoxicity in cancer cells of B. villosa subsp. drepanensis leaf ethanolic extract were analysed for the first time. In addition, its chemical profile was investigated partitioning the total 70% ethanol extract among ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water to obtain three residues that were subjected to chromatographic separation. Two flavonol glycosides, a phenol glucoside, two amino acids, and purine/pyrimidine bases were obtained. The presence of the glucosinolate glucoiberin was detected in the water extract by UHPLC-MS analysis. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the 70% ethanol extract showed good antioxidant capacities and anti-inflammatory properties by reducing nitric oxide release and reactive oxygen species levels and increasing glutathione in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The extract inhibited the enzymatic activity of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and, significantly, of lipase. The MTT assay showed that the extract did not affect the viability of normal HFF-1 and RAW 264.7 cells. Among the cancer cell lines tested, an antiproliferative action was only observed in CaCo-2. The cytotoxicity of the extract was further confirmed by LDH release assay and by the destabilization of the oxidative balance. Results confirmed the antioxidant properties of the crude extract responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect on healthy cells and cytotoxicity in cancer cells.     

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Nigella sativa L. and Allium ursinum Extracts in a Cellular Model of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Natural products black cumin—Nigella sativa (N. sativa) and wild garlic—Allium ursinum (AU) are known for their potential role in reducing cardiovascular risk factors, including antracycline chemotherapy. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of N. sativa and AU water and methanolic extracts in a cellular model of doxorubicin (doxo)-induced cardiotoxicity. The extracts were characterized using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Antioxidant activity was evaluated on H9c2 cells. Cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) release was evaluated using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DHCF-DA) and mitochondria-targeted superoxide indicator (MitoSOX red), respectively. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was evaluated by flow cytometry. LC-MS analysis identified 12 and 10 phenolic compounds in NSS and AU extracts, respectively, with flavonols as predominant compounds. FT-IR analysis identified the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids in both plants. GC-MS identified the sulfur compounds in the AU water extract. N. sativa seeds (NSS) methanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity reducing both intracellular and mitochondrial ROS release. All extracts (excepting AU methanolic extract) preserved H9c2 cells viability. None of the investigated plants affected the mitochondrial membrane depolarization. N. sativa and AU are important sources of bioactive compounds with increased antioxidant activities, requiring different extraction solvents to obtain the pharmacological effects.     

New Freeze-Dried Andean Blueberry Juice Powders for Potential Application as Functional Food Ingredients: Effect of Maltodextrin on Bioactive and Morphological Features

Andean blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) fruits are an underutilized source of anthocyanins and other valuable bioactive phytochemicals. The purpose of this work was to obtain Andean blueberry juice powders via freeze-drying processing and evaluate the effect of maltodextrin as a drying aid on their physicochemical, technological, microstructural, and bioactive characteristics. Andean blueberry juices were mixed with variable proportions of maltodextrin (20–50%); freeze-dried; and characterized in terms of their tristimulus color, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), moisture content, water activity, morphology, water solubility, flow properties, total polyphenols and anthocyanins content, and DPPH^•-scavenging capacity. The powders obtained presented suitable characteristics in terms of their water activity (<0.5), solubility (>90%), and bioactive compound recovery (>70% for total phenolics, and >60% for total monomeric anthocyanins), with antioxidant activities up to 4 mg equivalent of gallic acid/g of dry matter. Although an increased content of maltodextrin resulted in lower concentrations of phytochemicals, as expected, it also favored an increased % recovery (over 90% of total phenolics at the highest maltodextrin proportion) and improved their flow properties. Freeze-dried juice powders are a potential alternative for the stabilization and value addition of this fruit as a new source of functionality for processed foods.     

On the structure of the K2 of the ring of integers in a number field

For any prime p, the p-primary part of the tame and the wild kernel of a number field F is described in terms of ideal class groups of p-power cyclotomic extensions of F.     

Generating the tame and wild kernels by Dennis-Stein symbols

For many number fieldsF, it is proved that the tame kernel, K₂( ), and the wild kernel, W(F), ofF are generated by Dennis-Stein symbols. For some real quadratic number fields, generators for the tame kernel are given.     

Statistical Characterization of the Phytochemical Characteristics of Edible Mushroom Extracts

The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of 10 edible mushrooms species, including cultivated (Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus white and brown) and wild (P. ostreatus, Macrolepiota procera, Cantharellus cibarius, Russula vesca, Russula alutacea, Boletus edulis and Agaricus campestris), were determined. The extraction was performed using water and 50% water–ethanol and the caps and stipe were investigated separately. Water was the most appropriate solvent for phenolic compounds regardless of the sample. In contrast, the presence of ethanol in the solvent increased the extraction of flavonoids for cultivated P. ostreatus (caps and stipe), and wild R. alutacea, R. vesca, A. campestris, P. ostreatus (only caps) and C. cibarius, M. procera (only stipe). Significant differences between the antioxidant activities of the samples were registered in relationship with the different solvents. The antioxidant activity of water extract of dried A. bisporus brown (cultivated) showed the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals-scavenging assay (88.64%), while the B. edulis hydroalcoholic extract contained 74.93%. A detailed investigation into the functional group of phenolics and other organic compounds responsible with the antioxidant activity has been performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra showed that the solvent-type directly influences the extraction process and, hence, the antioxidant activity. The present study contributes to information concerning mushrooms as sources of biologically active compounds. To investigate the correlations between phytochemical characteristics (i.e., phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity) closely related to nature of solvents, the statistical analysis was performed.     

Parameter change test for location‐scale time series models with heteroscedasticity based on bootstrap

This study considers the bootstrap cumulative sum (CUSUM) test for a parameter change in location‐scale time series models with heteroscedasticity. The CUSUM test has been popular for detecting an abrupt change in time series models because it performs well in many applications. However, it has severe size distortions in many situations. As a remedy, we consider the bootstrap CUSUM test, particularly focusing on the CUSUM test based on score vectors, and demonstrate the weak consistency of the bootstrap test for its justification. A simulation study and data analysis are conducted for illustration.     

Culture pH affects exopolysaccharide production in submerged mycelial culture of Ganoderma lucidum

In submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum, the pH optimum for cell growth has been shown to be lower than that for exopolysaccharides (EPS) formation. Therefore, in the present study, a two-stage pH-control strategy was employed to maximize the productions of mycelial biomass and EPS. When compared, a batch culture without pH control had a maximum concentration of EPS and endopolysaccharides, which was much lower than those with pH control. Maximum mycelial growth (12.5 g/L) and EPS production (4.7 g/L) were achieved by shifting the controlled pH from 3.0 to 6.0 after day 4. The contrast between the controlled-pH process and uncontrolled pH was marked. By using various two-stage culture processes, it was also observed that culture pH has a significant affect on the yield of product, mycelial morphology, chemical composition, and molecular weight of EPS. A detailed observation of mycelial morphology revealed that the productive morphological form for EPS production was a dispersed pellet (controlled pH shifting from 3.0 to 6.0) rather than a compact pellet with a dense core area (controlled pH 4.5) or a feather-like pellet (controlled pH shifting from 6.0 to 3.0). Three different polysaccharides were obtained from each pH conditions, and their molecular weights and chemical compositions were significantly different.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯农药残留量

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量。样品用丙酮-乙腈(85+15)混合溶剂提取,过PSA固相萃取柱净化,将淋出液蒸发浓缩后用甲醇-水(2+8)混合溶液定容。通过Waters C18色谱柱分离,流出液供串联质谱测定,同位素内标法定量。19种氨基甲酸酯农药的质量浓度与其峰面积和内标物峰面积的比值之间在一定的浓度范围内均呈线性关系。蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯农药的回收率在71.8%～94.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.36%～13.23%之间。