二乙氨乙基交联葡聚糖和季氨基琼脂糖色谱分离植物脂多糖的比较

比较了应用Q Sepharose Fast Flow凝胶和DEAE-Sephadex A50凝胶柱色谱分离米糠提取物中米糠脂多糖(LPSR)的效果。结果表明：通过改变体系的离子强度，两凝胶都可使LPSR与一般多糖分离，但仅Q Sepharose Fast Flow柱色谱可实现LPSR与米糠色素的有效分离，并获得淡黄色、99．5％纯度的LPSR产品，而且耐盐性能好于DEAE-Sephadex A50。     

麦麸对重金属离子的吸附性能研究

以麦麸为天然吸附剂,从水溶液中去除重金属离子.实验表明,麦麸对重金属离子有优良的吸附性能.在约10min内达到吸附平衡,吸附容量分别为:Hg2 70mg/g、Pb2 63mg/g、Cd2 21mg/g、Cu2 15mg/g、Ni2 13mg/g及Cr3 9.3mg/g;吸附速率很快,并且对上述金属离子有良好的选择性.     

Structure and thermodynamic melting parameters of wheat starches with different amylose content

The hierarchical granule structure of starches with different amylose content extracted from winter wheat was investigated using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HS DSC) and different thermodynamic approaches. Morphology (size, size distribution and shape), crystallinity of native granules with different amylose content (1.5-39.5%), as well as the cooperative melting unit, thickness of crystalline lamellae, heat capacity drop related to hydration during melting of native granules, and thermodynamic parameters related to the surface of crystalline lamellae were determined. The relationship between structure and thermodynamic properties of mutant wheat starches is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐胁迫下镧对小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化系统活性的影响

研究了盐胁迫下La3 对小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化系统活性的调节作用。结果显示,盐胁迫显著增加了细胞膜的相对透性,提高了丙二醛含量及.O2-和H2O2在体内的累积量,从而对小麦叶片造成了一定程度的氧化伤害,其伤害强度随盐浓度的增加而增大。适当浓度La3 处理提高了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等抗氧化酶活性,对与AsA-GSH循环相关酶类如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性也有不同程度的促进作用,从而提高了盐胁迫下小麦植株清除自由基的能力,降低了细胞膜脂过氧化水平,减轻了盐分对小麦幼苗的伤害程度,表明适当浓度的La3 处理对提高小麦抗盐能力是有益的。     

Supervised pattern recognition to discriminate the geographical origin of rice bran oils: a first study

Supervised pattern recognition appears to be a useful tool to authenticate foodstuffs according to their geographical or varietal origin, when a set of samples whose classification is known a priori are available. In this work, linear discriminant analysis and artificial neural networks trained by the back-propagation algorithm have been used to discriminate rice bran oils manufactured in three different countries (Italy, Thailand and Switzerland) according to their geographical origin. The variables to be included in the mathematical models have been chosen by means of Fisher F-ratio value among the chemical indices routinely determined on vegetable oils (particularly fatty acids, triglycerides and sterol composition). The prediction ability of all the classifiers was 100% as evaluated by cross-validation.     

Mass spectrometry and partial least-squares regression: a tool for identification of wheat variety and end-use quality

Rapid methods for the identification of wheat varieties and their end-use quality have been developed. The methods combine the analysis of wheat protein extracts by mass spectrometry with partial least-squares regression in order to predict the variety or end-use quality of unknown wheat samples. The whole process takes approximately 30 min. Extracts of alcohol-soluble storage proteins (gliadins) from wheat were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Partial least-squares regression was subsequently applied using these mass spectra for making models that could predict the wheat variety or end-use quality. Previously, an artificial neural network was used to identify wheat varieties based on their protein mass spectra profiles. The present study showed that partial least-squares regression is at least as useful as neural networks for this identification. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that partial least-squares regression could be used to predict wheat end-use quality, which has not been possible using neural networks.     

利用多角度光谱数据探测冬小麦氮素含量垂直分布方法研究

作物氮素具有随植株高度层垂直分布的特性,快速、无损探测作物氮素垂直分布状况,对于指导合理施肥、提高肥料利用率和减少环境污染具有重要意义。本文提出了利用偏最小二乘(partial least square,PLS)算法,运用多角度光谱数据估计冬小麦氮素含量垂直分布的方法。分别选用前向和后向不同观测角度组合形成的光谱数据组建植被指数,建立不同高度层的叶片氮素含量探测模型,其中选用±50°和±60°的组合,建立了冬小麦上层叶位叶片氮密度反演模型;选用±30°和±40°的组合,建立了中层叶位叶片氮密度反演模型;选用±20°和±30°的组合,建立了下层叶位叶片氮密度反演模型。针对氮素反演容易受到作物背景(土壤、作物残渣)影响的问题,引入R₇₀₀/R₆₇₀比值,改进七种常见的植被指数,利用改进了的植被指数建立了冬小麦上层、中层、下层叶片氮密度垂直分布模型。建模实验结果改进了叶片氮密度上层、中层、下层垂直分布估算结果,验证实验选取建模实验中表现最好的三个植被指数进行进一步研究,结果表明改进后的绿光归一化植被指数(green normalized difference vegetation index,GNDVI)在反演上层、中层、下层叶片氮密度时效果最好,达到了极显著的水平,可用于植被氮素含量的垂直分布探测。     

15N allocation into wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) influenced by sowing rate and water supply at flowering under a Mediterranean climate

This study examined the effects of a reduced wheat sowing rate (250 vs. 500 grains m^–2) on grain yield, uptake of ¹⁵N into grains, and the incorporation into gluten and non-gluten proteins of wheat under field conditions in the Aegean region. A single ¹⁵N application was applied at stem elongation, at flowering, or at both developmental stages. Each ¹⁵N treatment included either additional water supply, or no additional water supply at flowering. Sowing rate (either 250 or 500 grains m^–2) had no impact on grain yield. Grain yield increased with additional water supply, but at the expense of protein quality, because of a decrease in the protein content of gluten. The ¹⁵N content of the gluten and non-gluten proteins at grain maturity was not different among cultivars. ¹⁵N applied at both stem elongation and flowering was found in comparable amounts in grains and protein fractions, irrespective of sowing rate.     

柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定小麦中氨基酸含量

以肌氨酸为内标物,邻苯二甲醛-9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯为柱前衍生剂,用ODS色谱柱在柱温40℃下,采用二元梯度洗脱,DAD检测器在338nm波长处检测,建立了一种利用反相高效液相色谱同时测定小麦籽粒中17种氨基酸的方法。氨基酸浓度在5～800μmol／L范围内,其峰面积与内标物峰面积的比值和氨基酸浓度的线性相关系数均大于0．996;17种氨基酸的加标回收率在97．5％～103．1％范围内。应用本方法对小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量进行测定,取得了较理想的结果。同时,本法还可应用于糙米和玉米等粮食中氨基酸含量的测定。     

基于多时相航空高光谱遥感影像的冬小麦长势空间变异研究

精准农业技术是基于农田信息在空间和时间上存在的差异而实施的变量管理技术,本研究以2001年～2002年度在国家精准农业研究示范基地开展的冬小麦变量施肥对比试验为基础,获取冬小麦拔节期、灌浆初期及乳熟期的推扫式成像光谱仪(pushbroom hyperspectral imager, PHI)航空高光谱影像数据,提取反映冬小麦长势光谱参数,进行变量施肥处理区与常规处理区冬小麦长势空间变异的对比。研究发现,变量区与对照区光谱反射率分散度最大的区域主要集中在红边及近红外反射平台的附近, 其中,乳熟期冬小麦光谱分散度最大,其次为拔节期和灌浆期。通过对比不同时相冬小麦长势信息,发现拔节期变量区作物长势空间变异程度要高于对照区,经过变量施肥处理后,灌浆期和乳熟期变量施肥区冬小麦长势空间变异程度低于对照区;对冬小麦产量的分析发现,变量区产量的总体空间变异小于对照区,但变量区总体产量略低于对照区。研究表明,利用遥感影像数据,可以及时获取作物长势的空间变异情况,为农业管理的生产、决策及时提供信息。