基于主成分分析和小波神经网络的近红外多组分建模研究

将小麦叶片原始光谱经过预处理后,采用主成分分析(PCA)对数据进行降维,取前3个主成分输入小波神经网络,建立了基于主成分分析和小波神经网络的近红外多组分预测模型(WNN);进一步研究了小波基函数个数的选取(WNN隐层节点数)对小波神经网络模型性能的影响,并将WNN模型与偏最小二乘法(PLS)和传统的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型进行了比较.结果表明,所建立的WNN模型能用于同时预测小麦叶片全氮和可溶性总糖两种组分含量,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.101%和0.089%,预测相关系数(R)分别为0.980和0.967.另外,在收敛速度和预测精度上,WNN模型明显优于BPNN和PLS模型,从而为将小波神经网络用于近红外光谱的多组分定量分析奠定了基础.     

粒子群算法结合支持向量机回归法用于近红外光谱建模

研究了最小二乘法支持向量机(LSSVM)应用于烟丝样品和小麦样品的近红外光谱建模,采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)优化LSSVM的参数。通过对烟草样品和小麦样品的近红外光谱建模和预测,并与常规的偏最小二乘法(PLS)比较发现,PSO-LSSVM法具有更好的预测效果和稳健性。     

黑小麦麦麸戊聚糖的部分酸水解特征与甲基化分析

研究了黑小麦麦麸戊聚糖(AEPH)的部分酸水解特征及其糖链的取代度和取代方式等结构信息. 分别采用0.02, 0.1和0.2 mol/L的三氟乙酸(Trifluoroacetic acid, TFA)对AEPH进行部分酸水解, 结合甲基化分析、 GC-MS和HPLC等方法对AEPH的糖链结构和相对分子质量分布进行了分析. 结果表明, 戊聚糖AEPH的糖残基主要由阿拉伯糖(Araf)和木糖(Xylp)组成. 其取代度(A/X), 即Araf与Xylp的比值为0.60, 并具有较高的相对分子质量(M_w=3.81×10⁵). AEPH的主链由Xylp残基通过1→4连接形成木聚糖. 主链Xylp在O2, O3或O2/O3位被Araf单取代或双取代. 非取代(u)、 单取代(m)和双取代(d)Xylp残基的组成比例为57.7∶22.0∶6.2. 非取代与取代Xylp的比值为2.1, 双取代与单取代Xylp比值(d/m)为0.3. Araf主要以非还原性末端T-Araf以及通过1→2和1→5连接形成低聚阿拉伯糖的形式与主链Xylp相连, 或与T-Xylp相连形成戊聚糖分子的支链.     

石灰性土壤小麦缺锌矫正及锌营养品质改善的途径

石灰性土壤中锌的缺乏常常导致所栽培的主要作物——小麦锌缺乏的发生,从而严重影响小麦产量和籽粒的锌营养品质,并最终威胁到人体健康。从石灰性土壤中锌缺乏的原因入手,着重从外源供锌和筛选耐缺锌的小麦基因型(锌高效基因型小麦)两个方面论述了解决石灰性土壤上栽培小麦锌缺乏问题的途径,并认为后者是更好的选择。     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定小麦制品中的铝含量

采用密闭微波消解小麦制品,在优化微波消解条件的基础上,建立微波消解－电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定小麦制品中铝元素的方法。用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定市场上多种小麦制品中Al元素的含量,该方法简单快速,准确度好、精密度高,标准曲线相关系数在0.9950~ 0.9999之间,是测定小麦制品中铝含量的一种有效分析方法。通过对小麦制品中铝含量的检测分析,为小麦制品的食用安全性提供了检测数据,同时也可为小麦制品加工业的质量控制提供借鉴。     

Rapid characterization of molecular chemistry,nutrient make‐up and microlocation of internal seed tissue

Wheat differs from corn in biodegradation kinetics and fermentation characteristics. Wheat exhibits a relatively high rate (23% h^?1) and extent (78% DM) of biodegradation, which can lead to metabolic problems such as acidosis and bloat in ruminants. The objective of this study was to rapidly characterize the molecular chemistry of the internal structure of wheat (cv. AC Barrie) and reveal both its structural chemical make‐up and nutrient component matrix by analyzing the intensity and spatial distribution of molecular functional groups within the intact seed using advanced synchrotron‐powered Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. The experiment was performed at the U2B station of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA. The wheat tissue was imaged systematically from the pericarp, seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm under the peaks at ～1732 (carbonyl C=O ester), 1515 (aromatic compound of lignin), 1650 (amide I), 1025 (non‐structural CHO), 1550 (amide II), 1246 (cellulosic material), 1160, 1150, 1080, 930, 860 (all CHO), 3350 (OH and NH stretching), 2928 (CH₂ stretching band) and 2885 cm^?1 (CH₃ stretching band). Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied to analyze the molecular FTIR spectra obtained from the different inherent structures within the intact wheat tissues. The results showed that, with synchrotron‐powered FTIR microspectroscopy, images of the molecular chemistry of wheat could be generated at an ultra‐spatial resolution. The features of aromatic lignin, structural and non‐structural carbohydrates, as well as nutrient make‐up and interactions in the seeds, could be revealed. Both principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis methods are conclusive in showing that they can discriminate and classify the different inherent structures within the seed tissue. The wheat exhibited distinguishable differences in the structural and nutrient make‐up among the pericarp, seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm. Such information on the molecular chemistry can be used for grain‐breeding programs for selecting a superior variety of wheat targeted for food and feed purposes and for predicting wheat quality and nutritive value in humans and animals. Thus advanced synchrotron‐powered FTIR technology can provide a greater understanding of the plant–animal interface.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定小麦粉中的过氧化苯甲酰

在国标GB／T18415—2001的基础上,以OV-1701石英毛细管柱为分析柱、氢火焰离子化检测器为检测器,采用气相色谱法测定小麦粉中的过氧化苯甲酰。小麦粉中过氧化苯甲酰测量结果的相对标准偏差小于1.1％,加标回收率为96．5％～101．0％,检出限为10μg／mL,样品分析时间约为20min。与国标方法相比,该法不仅缩短了检测时间,而且提高了检测灵敏度。     

补充富硒小麦和富硒玉米对大鼠血硒状态影响的对比观察

给克山病病区粮喂养６周的大鼠补充富硒小麦或富硒玉米,观察了大鼠血硒和血ＣＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性的变化。结果显示,补充富硒小麦和富硒玉米均可有效地升高大鼠血浆硒、红细胞硒和红细胞ＧＳＰ－Ｐｘ活性,且两种形式硒的作用效果相同;停止补硒后,补充富硒小麦组大鼠的红细胞和红细胞ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性均显著高于补充富硒玉米组大鼠。表明给大鼠补充富硒小麦较补充富硒玉米好。     

A review on enzyme and ultrasound: A controversial but fruitful relationship

A critical review on the effect of ultrasound (US) on enzymes and their biocatalytic action is presented here. Discussion on the information users of US acquire before utilizing the different devices, and the importance they give to US frequency is constant along the review. The authors have gone into the different areas in which the US–enzyme binomial has been applied. The lack of enough information on the US–enzyme-working conditions under which each piece of research has been developed, and the necessity to provide complete information on the data and metadata to give enough light on each piece of research (and thus on the potential comparison of results from different studies) are critically exposed. With this aim, the study has been divided into the positive effect of US on enzymes to favor the production of metabolites, polymers or proteins; and the degradation, inhibition or activation of the biocatalyst under US application. Also the effect of US on enzyme production and the main fields of application of the US–enzyme binomial are discussed.     

冬小麦冠层高光谱对低温胁迫的响应特征

在全球范围内,低温冻害已经成为了冬小麦减产的主要灾害之一,而高光谱遥感技术已成为一种有效的监测与预防手段。为了探究拔节期冬小麦冠层高光谱对低温胁迫的响应规律,通过低温胁迫试验,对同一品种拔节期冬小麦在-2,-4和-6℃等3个温度梯度下处理12h,并测定其冠层光谱反射率,提取红边参数,从而研究低温胁迫对冬小麦冠层光谱特征的影响。结果表明,冬小麦在遭受低温胁迫后,在近红外波段冠层光谱反射率随着低温胁迫程度的加大而升高,而在可见光波段则降低,并出现"绿峰"减弱,"红谷"抬升的现象。另外,对原始光谱进行一阶微分处理后,其一阶微分光谱随低温胁迫程度的加剧,出现向短波方向移动,红边位置也出现"蓝移"现象,红边面积与红边幅值也出现逐渐增大的趋势。研究表明冬小麦在拔节期遭受低温胁迫以后,其冠层光谱对其响应敏感,利用高光谱技术可以实现冬小麦冻害的有效监测。