Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Sea Water after Extraction Using Electrothermal Atomisation. Minimisation of Interferences from Co-Extracted Sea Salts

Abstract

Interferences from small amounts of sea salt in the determination of cadmium and lead were investigated. Test samples were made to mimic solutions obtained after extraction of sea water for trace metal analysis. Sea salt concentrations in the range 0–400 mg/l were investigated. Background absorption from this salt was high but easily minimised through the addition of nitric acid (2 % v/v). Sensitivity reductions due to the salt were considerable and varied from one graphite tube to the other. This problem was overcome by the addition of 1000 mg lanthanum per litre of sample. The positive effect of the lanthanum matrix modification is thought to be due to a change of the graphite tube surface.     

Hydrophobic Vitamin B12. X. Steric Effect in Electrochemical Carbon-Skeleton Rearrangement Catalyzed by Hydrophobic Vitamin B12 in Nonaqueous Media

Abstract

A steric effect in the carbon-skeleton rearrangement catalyzed by heptamethyl cobyrinate perchlorate, [Cob(II)7C₁ester]C10₄, was investigated under electrochemical conditions. The controlled-potential electrolyses of alkyl halides having two carboxylic ester groups of different bulkiness on the same carbon atom, such as 2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-l-bromopropane, l-bromo-2-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-carbonylpropane, l-bromo-2-cyclohexyloxycarbonyl-2-ethoxycarbonylpropane, and l-bromo-2-ethoxy-carbonyl-2-phenoxycarbonylpropane, were carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide, as catalyzed by [Cob(II)7C₁ester]CIO₄, to give the corresponding ester-migrated products in the dark at—1.5 V vs SCE in the presence of acetic acid and at—2.0 V vs SCE without acetic acid. As regards a correlation between bulkiness of an ester group and a migration aptitude, a smaller ester group tends to migrate to the adjacent carbon atom more readily than a larger one. The origin of such a steric effect is discussed with attention to the rate-determining step.     

黄芩中黄芩苷的亚临界水提取及高效液相色谱分析

建立了黄芩药材中黄芩苷的亚临界水提取 高效液相色谱测定方法。分别考察了温度、压力、提取时间、提取物颗粒度、溶剂比等因素对提取量的影响,并与有机溶剂提取法比较。结果表明,当两者具有相同的提取效果时,亚临界水提取法的提取时间及提取溶剂的消耗量大大减少,避免了使用有机溶剂造成的污染。黄芩苷提取最佳条件为:样品颗粒度80～100目,溶剂比0.2 mL/mg ,5 MPa,130 ℃保持10 min。并通过提取 高效液相色谱联机分析实现了对提取物的实时监测。该技术有望成为从中药材中提取脂溶性成分的有效方法。     

Study of electron solvation in polar solvents using path integral calculations

A path-integral Monte Carlo algorithm for the simulation of electrons solvated in polar liquids is briefly outlined, and results are presented for the electron solvated in liquid water.     

塔里木河干流区地方性氟病区水化学成分的多元分析

本文运用相关分析、回归分析及Ｒ－型系统聚类分析等方法，研究了里木河干流地区的地方性氟中毒病区内，氟斑牙患病率与饮用水中氟元素及其它化学成分的定量关系，并建立了生活饮用水中氟元素与其它化学成分的回归计算模型，提示了区域内氟斑牙治病的主导因素以及水体中各化学成分和化学性质指标间的相互关系，为探求饮用水型地方性氟中毒的病因提供了科学依据。     

YB叶片泵降噪途径的探讨

通过对ＹＢ型叶片泵的固体振动、液压冲击与脉动的噪声测定与分析，确定噪声源并探讨了对该类泵行之有效的降噪途径。文章对新颖的高次方程定子曲线特性进行了数学模拟，并确定其特征方程各系数，同时，文章又探讨了对减振槽的优化设计，以其最小压差、最低液压冲击作为目标函数，确定了减振槽最佳几何尺寸。     

塔里木河水资源消耗分析及强化人工影响和调控的战略思路

自然条件的特殊性和人类活动的不适当,造成塔里木河水资源大量损耗,蒸发、河道频繁变迁等自然因素导致的消耗占相当比重,集中表现为人类的控制能力和水平较低,人类不适当活动导致的水资源利用管理失控是造成水资源损失又一重要原因,它是在人类对河流控制能力和水平较低的基础上发展起来的,提高塔里木河水资源利用效率和管理水平,关键在于增强对塔里木河科学调控和有效影响,工程控制是增强控制力的根本措施,也是实施依法、价格管理、计划管理以及节水等其他措施的基础,在西部大开发中,要紧紧抓住国家重视生态环境建设的大好机遇,尽快实施塔里木河整体控制工程建设。     

艾比湖的涸缩对湖周围生态环境的影响及其治理对策探讨

论述了艾比湖的涸缩对湖泊周围生态环境的影响,并提出了治理对策。     

水温对棘胸蛙人工孵化的影响

利用地下水微流水状态下孵化石蛙卵子,初步试验结果表明：水温对石蛙卵子的出苗率影响很大,21－23℃是其最适宜的孵化水温,当水温高于25℃,石蛙卵子开始出现畸形苗,32℃是其孵化的致死水温。