Kinetic study for liquefaction of tar in sub- and supercritical water

Liquefaction of tar from oil distillation was studied under sub- and supercritical water conditions using a batch reactor at 623 and 673 K and 25-40 MPa. The reaction scheme for tar liquefaction was determined as follows: the liquefaction process of tar occurs first and then intermediate chemical compounds are transformed into lighter molecular weight species. The effects of pressure and treatment time were combined into a single severity parameter that was used to monitor the conversion of tar. The main products from the liquefaction of tar were phenol (3.44 wt%), biphenyl (2.23 wt%), diphenylether (13.70 wt%) and diphenylmethane (1.30 wt%), respectively. Liquefaction of tar clearly increased with increasing water density at the same temperature reaction. It indicates that hydrolysis was important in the cleavage of the macromolecular structure of tar under sub- and supercritical conditions. Based on the results, this method could become an efficient method for tar liquefaction, producing high yields of valuable chemical intermediates.     

A Hydrothermal Method to Generate Carbon Quantum Dots from Waste Bones and Their Detection of Laundry Powder

Surfactants are one of the major pollutants in laundry powder, which have an impact on the environment and human health. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are spherical zero-dimensional fluorescent nanoparticles with great potential for fluorescent probing, electrochemical biosensing and ion sensing. Herein, a bottom-up approach was developed for the synthesis of CQDs from biomass to detect laundry detergent and laundry powder. Waste chicken bones were used as carbon precursors after being dried, crushed and reacted with pure water at 180 °C for 4 h to generate CQDs, which exhibited a monodisperse quasi-spherical structure with an average particle size of 3.2 ± 0.2 nm. Functional groups, including -OH, C=O, C=C and C-O, were identified on the surface of the prepared CQDs. The optimal fluorescence excitation wavelength of the yellow-brown CQDs was 380 nm, with a corresponding emission peak at 465 nm. CQDs did not significantly increase cell death in multiple cell lines at concentrations of 200 µg·mL⁻¹. Fluorescence enhancement of CQDs was observed after addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, a major anionic surfactant in laundry powder. A linear relationship between fluorescence enhancement CQDs and the concentration of laundry powder was established. Thus, a hydrothermal method was developed to generate CQDs from waste biomass that may be used as a fluorescent probe to detect laundry powder.     

Application of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of multi-class pesticides in environmental and wastewater samples: Study of matrix effects

An ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method for the determination of 37 pesticides (herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) in environmental and wastewater has been developed. To efficiently combine UHPLC with MS/MS, a fast-acquisition triple quadrupole mass analyzer was used. This analyzer (minimum dwell time, 5 ms) allows acquiring up to three simultaneous transitions in the selected reaction monitoring mode for each compound assuring a reliable identification without resolution or sensitivity losses. A pre-concentration step based on solid-phase extraction using Waters Oasis HLB cartridges (0.2 g) was applied with a 100-fold pre-concentration factor along the whole analytical procedure. The method was validated based on European SANCO guidelines using surface, ground, drinking and treated water (from an urban solid residues treatment plant) spiked at two concentration levels (0.025 and 0.1 μg/L), the lowest having been established as the limit of quantification objective. The method showed excellent sensitivity, with instrumental limits of detection ranging from 0.1 to 7 pg. It was applied to environmental water samples (ground and surface water) as well as to samples of urban solid waste leachates (raw leachate and treated leachate after applying reversed osmosis) collected from a municipal treatment plant. Matrix effects have been studied in the different types of water samples analyzed, and several isotope-labelled internal standards have been evaluated as a way to compensate the signal suppression observed for most of the compounds studied, especially in wastewater samples. As a general remark, only those pesticides which response was corrected using their own isotope-labelled molecule, could be satisfactorily corrected in all type of samples, assuring in this way the accurate quantification in all matrix samples.     

First approach to radionuclide mixtures quantification by using plastic scintillators. Influence of the diameter of the plastic beads

Recent studies have evaluated the capability of plastic scintillation (PS) as an alternative to liquid scintillation (LS) in radionuclide activity determination without mixed waste production. In order to complete the comparison, we now assess the extent to which PS can be used to quantify mixtures of radionuclides and the influence of the diameter of the plastic scintillation beads in detection efficiency.

The results show that the detection efficiency decreases and the spectrum shrink to lower energies when the size of the plastic scintillation beads increases, and that the lower the energy of the beta particle, the greater the variation takes place. Similar behaviour has been observed for beta–gamma and alpha emitters.

Two scenarios for the quantification of mixtures are considered, one including two radionuclides (¹⁴C and ⁶⁰Co) whose spectra do not overlap significantly, and the other including two radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y), where the spectra of one the isotopes is totally overlapped by the other The calculation has been performed by using the conventional window selection procedure and a new approach in which the selected windows correspond to those with lower quantification errors. Relative errors obtained using the proposed approach (less than 10%) are lower than those of the conventional procedure, even when a radionuclide is completely overlapped, except for those samples with extreme activity ratios that were not included in the window optimization process.     

以改性废旧聚苯乙烯塑料高效减水增强剂为基的早强型水泥高效减水剂的研究

以自己改性合成的改性聚苯乙烯塑料高效减水增强剂为基础 ,利用调配技术 ,与水泥早强剂、普通减水剂复配制备综合性能优良的早强型高效减水剂。研究了配方中各组分对水泥混凝土性能如早期强度、减水率和最终强度的影响     

Investigation and optimization of the recovery of coal fines using oil agglomeration process: Use of waste oils from different sectors

The high cost of the bridging liquid subdues the implementation and commercialization of oil agglomeration process. To overcome this problem, waste oils from different sectors were used in this present study. The performance of the process was assessed based on the responses like ash rejection and organic matter recovery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the usage of waste oils from different sectors and to optimize and analyze the behavioral pattern showcased by different variables (pulp density, oil dosage, agglomeration time and oil type) using response surface methodology (Box-Behnken design). Experimental investigation shows that the optimum pulp density, oil dosage, agglomeration time and oil type condition obtained as 3%, 15%, 15?min and waste engine oil, respectively. At optimum condition, the % ash rejection and % organic matter recovery obtained as 63.94% and 81.8%, respectively.     

毛细管区带电泳分离测定邻、对、间氯代苯酚

通过改变电泳条件,用毛细管区带电泳成功地分离了邻、对、间氯代苯酚,并检测到废水中样品的含量。研究了缓冲溶液种类、浓度、pH值、电泳电压以及内标物的选择,并得出了三种样品的标准曲线、线性范围以及加样回收率,为环境样品的监测提供了依据。     

离子交换净化辐照三烷基氧化膦中脂肪酸

本文研究了用大孔阴离子交换树脂D301R从乏萃取剂30%TRPO-煤油溶液中净化去除脂肪酸的方法,探讨了该法用于乏萃取剂净化的可行性。     

晶体硅金刚线切割废料制备高纯氮化硅

以晶体硅金刚线切割废料为原料,通过氮化反应制得氮化硅,既回收了金刚线切割废料,又解决了环境污染的问题。 通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能量色谱仪(EDS)等技术手段研究了原料经HCl和HF酸洗净化后制备氮化产物的物相组成、组分质量分数和微观形貌的影响。 结果表明,HCl酸洗后切割废料制备的氮化产物中主要物相为Si₂N₂O和Si₃N₄,而HF酸洗后切割废料制备的氮化产物中主要物相为Si₃N₄。 氮化产物中Si₂N₂O的形成与切割废料中SiO₂的质量分数有关,降低原料中SiO₂的质量分数是切割废料经过高温氮化制得氮化硅的前提。     

Phytochemical screening and in-vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of peels of Musa sapientum and Carica papaya fruit

Aqueous, absolute and 80% ethanolic extract of fruit peels of Musa sapientum and Carica papaya were investigated for their antibacterial activity, measured by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity, measured by four different methods. Papaya and banana peels were found to contain terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins steroid, phenols, fixed oils and fats. 80% ethanolic extract of banana peel was found to contain highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity but in papaya peel, highest TPC and reducing activity was shown by water extract while, TFC and radical scavenging activity was given by 80% ethanolic extract. In banana, water extract showed highest antibacterial activity against tested bacteria while in case of papaya, absolute ethanolic extract showed highest antibacterial activity. The present study revealed that peels of banana and papaya fruits are potentially good source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.