医疗和危险废物高温洁净热处理及环境力学

结合2003年中国的突发危害公众健康的事件，分析了医疗、化学战剂及危险废物的分类、特性，比较了各种高温热处理技术的基本要求，方法分类和设备特点，包括：各类焚烧炉、热解炉和等离子体裂解装置．还对前处理工艺要求，尾气处理工艺等进行了分析讨论，讨论了防止二次污染的技术手段，特别介绍了二噁英等高危险性产物的特性．还介绍了发达国家的医疗废物和危险废物的管理、处置和二次污染防治等情况．     

The optimization of silica gel synthesis from chemical bottle waste using response surface methodology

To reduce the amount of hazardous chemical bottle waste in the environment, we report the optimization research of silica extraction in chemical bottle waste into silica gel. Alkali fusion and sol–gel process were utilised to prepare silica gel effectively. The alkali fusion process was carried out by adding sodium hydroxide to produce sodium silicate. Afterwards, silica gel was prepared by the sol–gel method using hydrochloric acid. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to Optimisation factors the poptimiseactors affecting the silica recovery. The factors that optimised mass ratio, particle size, and temperature. The optimum recovery of silica gel was obtained by SiO₂: NaOH mass ratio of 1:3, the particle size of 63–74 µm, and a temperature of 800 °C. The purity of silica gel optimum is 63.74% characterised using X-ray fluorescence. The structure of silica gel is the appearance of amorphous peaks at 2θ 20-30° characterised using an x-ray diffractogram. The silica gel surface was characterises using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray. It showed an irregular surface and characteristic showed that silica gel had a radius of 15.74 nm and a specific surface area of 297.08 m².     

Visible Light-Driven Alkyne-Grafted Ethylene-Bridged Azobenzene Chromophores for Photothermal Utilization

Molecular photoswitches are considered to be important candidates in the field of solar energy storage due to their sensitive and reversible bidirectional optical response. Nevertheless, it is still a daunting challenge to design a molecular photoswitch to improve the low solar spectrum utilization and quantum yields while achieving charging and discharging of heat without solvent assistance. Herein, a series of visible-light-driven ethylene-bridged azobenzene (b-Azo) chromophores with different alkyne substituents which can undergo isomerization reactions promoted in both directions by visible light are reported. Their visible light responsiveness improves their solar spectrum utilization while also having high quantum yields. In addition, as the compounds are liquids, there is no need to dissolve the compounds in order to exploit this switching. The photoisomerization of b-Azo can be adjusted by alkyne-related substituents, and hexyne-substituted b-Azo is able to store and release photothermal energy with a high density of 106.1 J·g⁻¹, and can achieve a temperature increase of 1.8 °C at a low temperature of −1 °C.     

Meaningful Secret Image Sharing with Saliency Detection

Secret image sharing (SIS), as one of the applications of information theory in information security protection, has been widely used in many areas, such as blockchain, identity authentication and distributed cloud storage. In traditional secret image sharing schemes, noise-like shadows introduce difficulties into shadow management and increase the risk of attacks. Meaningful secret image sharing is thus proposed to solve these problems. Previous meaningful SIS schemes have employed steganography to hide shares into cover images, and their covers are always binary images. These schemes usually include pixel expansion and low visual quality shadows. To improve the shadow quality, we design a meaningful secret image sharing scheme with saliency detection. Saliency detection is used to determine the salient regions of cover images. In our proposed scheme, we improve the quality of salient regions that are sensitive to the human vision system. In this way, we obtain meaningful shadows with better visual quality. Experiment results and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.     

A review on pharmaceuticals removal from waters by single and combined biological,membrane filtration and ultrasound systems

Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as pharmaceuticals commonly found in urban and industrial wastewater are a potential threat to human health and have negative environmental impact. Most wastewater treatment plants cannot efficiently remove these compounds and therefore, many pharmaceuticals end up in aquatic ecosystems, inducing problems such as toxicity and antibiotic-resistance. This review reports the extent of pharmaceutical removal by individual processes such as bioreactors, advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration systems, all of which are not 100% efficient and can lead to the direct discharge of pharmaceuticals into water bodies. Also, the importance of understanding biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds during biological and ultrasound treatment, and its impact on treatment efficacy will be reviewed. Different combinations of the processes above, either as an integrated configuration or in series, will be discussed in terms of their degradation efficiency and scale-up capabilities. The trace quantities of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and scale-up issues of ultrasound highlight the importance of membrane filtration as a concentration and volume reduction treatment step for wastewater, which could subsequently be treated by ultrasound.     

Ein vereinfachtes Aufschlußverfahren für die spektroskopische 15N-Bestimmung im Mikromaßstab

Für die spektroskopische ¹⁵N-Bestimmung wird zur Füllung des elektrodenlosen Entladungsrohres der Stickstoff in sehr reinem gasförmigem- Zustand gebraucht. Bei den meisten zu untersuchenden Substanzen liegt der Stickstoff in gebundener Form vor. Die Aufarbeitung kann über Veraschung nach KJELDAHL und Umarbeitung des NH₄Cl zu N₂ oder durch Verbrennung nach DUMASerfolgen. Dieerste Methode wird sehr haufig angewendet, wobei die Oxydation des Ammoniumchlorids mit alkalischer Hypobromitlauge nach RITTENBERG 1 am verbreitetsten ist. Die Oxydation mit Kupferoxid wurde von HOCH und WEISSER 2 sowie von FAUST 3 beschrieben. ROLLE 4 wendet diese Oxydation des NH₄Cl für die Umarbeitung zur massenspektrometrischen Bestimmung an. Bei der Verbrennung der Substanz nach DUMAS fällt die KJELDAHL-Veraschung und die Umarbeitung des NH₄Cl weg, was eine Vereinfachung bedeutet. Dennoch wird diese Methode für die spektroskopische ¹⁵N-Bestimmung nur wenig angewendet.     

利用喇曼光谱测量氧碘化学激光器氯气利用率的实验研究

 介绍了利用自发喇曼散射光谱测量氧碘化学激光器单态氧发生器氯气利用率的原理及实验装置，并给出了在以氮气作为稀释气的0.1mol/s射流式氧发生器上测试的结果，测试相对误差小于12%。由于该方法只需要通过测量喇曼谱线相对强度之比，即可算出氯的利用率，因此不需要另外的标定实验，从而避免了因标定带来的影响。该方法减小了测试误差，简化了实验过程，提高了测试效率。     

送粉角度对激光熔覆铁基复合涂层形状特征的影响

通过分析激光熔覆过程中光束、粉末和熔池间的作用机理,建立了送粉式激光熔覆材料有效利用率的数学模型,在此基础上推导了送粉角度与工艺参数之间的定量关系式,并计算了不同送粉角度下的熔覆材料有效利用率、熔高和横截面积。结果表明,在熔覆工艺参数不变的条件下,理论计算的熔覆材料有效利用率、熔覆层高度和横截面积均随送粉角度的增加而增大,且均高于实验检测值。激光熔覆过程中,由于粉末烧损和机械损失,使熔覆材料有效利用率、熔高和横截面积随送粉角度变化出现最大值,理想送粉角度为60。     

新颖外燃式湿空气燃气轮机循环及性能研究

本文首先提出一种新型的高效燃煤燃气轮机循环一外燃式湿空气透平循环动力系统。由于外燃的特点，作功工质为洁净湿空气，从而可以实现水的回收，是对常规ＨＡＴ循环的突破；另外洁净湿空气排放不受通常烟气露点限制，从而可回收利用湿空气降温时的低温凝结潜热，提高了加湿能力，从而提高系统性能。揭示了新型循环的基本规律；推导出具有湿化特点的约束方程和系统性能简明表达式，指明影响系统性能的关键因素。在透平初温为８５０℃的工况下，系统热效率高达４８．１１％。基于能量品位梯级利用原理和系统集成方法论，通过探索充分而合理利用中低温余热的有效途径，开拓洁净煤燃气轮机总能系统的新方向。     

太阳能光伏热水系统的能量梯级利用

为了实现太阳能光伏发电系统中用于冷却太阳能电池的低品位热能利用,本文提出了太阳能光伏热水系统。通过对单体光伏光热系统(PV/T)的实验研究表明,在单体PV/T放置角度为30°,流量为200 L/h时,集热效率可达到最大值65.6%,系统的平均发电效率为14.3%,瞬时综合效率最大为83%,达到了能量的梯级利用。