185 nm UV降解水中4-CP、4-NP和Rh B的研究

本文以对氯苯酚(4-CP)、对硝基苯酚(4-NP)和罗丹明B(Rh B)为模型有机物(以4-CP和4-NP为小分子模型有机物,以Rh B为大分子模型有机物),分别研究了185 nm UV对水中这3种模型有机物的降解规律、性能和效果.研究结果表明,185 nm UV直接对水中4-CP、4-NP和Rh B有很好的降解效果.研究内容包括:185 nm UV降解模型有机物的浓度、TOC(Total organic carbon)浓度、185 nm UV降解模型有机物过程中溶液pH及电导率变化、以及降解模型有机物过程中产生的无机离子等几个方面.     

用近红外光谱分析转基因抗虫棉根际全氮和有机质含量

随着转基因植物的普及推广,人们越来越关心其生态安全性。以转基因棉花及其对照为实验材料,借助于近红外光谱仪对转基因棉花及其对照根际土壤和非根际土壤中的全氮和有机质进行了分析测定,扫描区间为12 000～4 000 cm-1,分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描次数为64次;同时用标准方法进行对比测定。结果显示近红外检测样品的结果与标准方法结果无明显差别,说明通过扫描光谱加上数学和计算机软件分析,非常准确、方便地测定了转基因作物根际土壤中的全氮和有机质。结果显示,转基因棉花根际土壤中的全氮和有机质含量显著高于对照中的含量,分析原因主要可能与转基因抗虫棉向根际土壤分泌毒蛋白所致,毒蛋白会结合在土壤颗粒上,降解较慢,增加了全氮和有机质的含量,有机质又会增加土壤微生物的繁殖,进一步增加了土壤有机质含量。     

Single-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biochar from H3PO4-Activated Lettuce Waste for Efficient Adsorption of Cd(II) in Aqueous Solution

Developing an ideal and cheap adsorbent for adsorbing heavy metals from aqueous solution has been urgently need. In this study, a novel, effective and low-cost method was developed to prepare the biochar from lettuce waste with H₃PO₄ as an acidic activation agent at a low-temperature (circa 200 °C) hydrothermal carbonization process. A batch adsorption experiment demonstrated that the biochar reaches the adsorption equilibrium within 30 min, and the optimal adsorption capacity of Cd(II) is 195.8 mg∙g⁻¹ at solution pH 6.0, which is significantly improved from circa 20.5 mg∙g⁻¹ of the original biochar without activator. The fitting results of the prepared biochar adsorption data conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (PSO) and the Sips isotherm model, and the Cd(II) adsorption is a spontaneous and exothermic process. The hypothetical adsorption mechanism is mainly composed of ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation. This work offers a novel and low-temperature strategy to produce cheap and promising carbon-based adsorbents from organic vegetation wastes for removing heavy metals in aquatic environment efficiently.     

H2O2络合凝胶法制备纳米TiO2/SiO2复合催化剂及其光催化性能

采用H2O2络合凝胶法获得钛的络合物[TiO(H2O2)]2 水溶胶,并与SiO2水溶胶包覆复合,制备了纳米TiO2/SiO2复合半导体催化剂,其结构经XRD和BET表征。以含阳离子艳红染料模拟废水降解为模型反应,考察了复合催化剂的光催化性能。实验结果表明:经650℃焙烧后的复合催化剂中TiO2粒径为9.8 nm,光催化活性最好,SiO2的最佳掺杂量为25%。     

A Simple Route to Produce Highly Efficient Porous Carbons Recycled from Tea Waste for High-Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor Electrodes

High-performance porous carbons derived from tea waste were prepared by hydrothermal treatment, combined together with KOH activation. The heat-treatment-processed materials possess an abundant hierarchical structure, with a large specific surface of 2235 m² g⁻¹ and wetting-complemental hydrophilicity for electrolytes. In a two-electrode system, the porous carbon electrodes’ built-in supercapacitor exhibited a high specific capacitance of 256 F g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹, an excellent capacitance retention of 95.4% after 10,000 cycles, and a low leakage current of 0.014 mA. In our work, the collective results present that the precursor crafted from the tea waste can be a promising strategy to prepare valuable electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors, which offers a practical strategy to recycle biowastes into manufactured materials in energy storage applications.     

聚酯废弃物改性植物油沥青粘结剂的红外研究

采用蒸馏厂的下脚料——各种植物油沥青(棉油沥青、豆油沥青、混合油沥青)为主要原料,用聚酯废弃物为改性剂,经裂解、酯化等工艺制备成三种铸造用植物油沥青粘结剂(MB)。同时采用红外光谱和热重分析等手段对该三种粘结剂的基团结构,性能与固化机理进行探索,并与合脂粘结剂比较。 结果表明：改性粘结剂的主要成分与合脂粘结剂大致相同,且具有更高的干拉强度、更慢的发气速度等优异性能,达到甚至超过合脂粘结剂的性能,可用于Ⅰ级型芯砂的粘结,而且成本低廉。     

Optimizing the antioxidant biocompound recovery from peach waste extraction assisted by ultrasounds or microwaves

The possibility to valorize peach juice waste, either frozen or air-dried, through microwave (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was evaluated. MAE power, UAE amplitude and time were optimized using a 2²-factorial design. For frozen waste, optimal MAE (540 W, 50 s) and UAE (23%, 120 s) processes gave extracts presenting analogous content (on 100 g dry matter) of polyphenols (309–317 mg GAE), flavonoids (94–120 mg QE), anthocyanins (8–9 mg CGE), and similar antioxidant activity (2.1–2.2 mg TE). Extracts from dried waste resulted higher in polyphenols (630–670 mg GAE) but lower in flavonoids (75–90 mg QE), anthocyanins and vitamin C (not detectable). Although developing an energy density 2-fold higher than that of UAE, MAE more efficaciously extracted vitamin C (108 mg/100 g dm) and required half extraction time (50 s). MAE would also be less impactful than UAE in terms of greenhouse gas emission and energy requirements on industrial scale. The industrial valorization of peach waste through the application of microwave or ultrasound assisted extraction requires quantitative data, able to encourage company interest and investment. This study not only identifies optimal MAE and UAE parameters to assist the extraction of peach waste bioactive compounds but also provides a preliminary estimation of the potential economic and environmental impact on an industrial scale of these technologies.     

废弃物燃烧产生的可吸入颗粒物中金属元素的排放特性研究

将纸屑、甘蔗渣、木粉、谷壳、垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）五种废弃物进行燃烧，采集其烟气中可吸入颗粒物（PM10）样品并分析，获得了颗粒物中金属元素的质量分数和排放特性，并与其相应的原料和灰烬中的金属元素质量分数比较。结果显示，废弃物燃烧的颗粒物中金属元素的种类与燃烧的物料有关；纸屑的颗粒物中金属元素的质量分数最低，RDF的最高，其余三种生物质废弃物的质量分数较相近；在五种样品中，一些重金属的质量分数很高，比土壤中的质量分数高出很多倍；金属元素在灰烬和颗粒物中的分布情况与金属元素的性质密切相关，且在可吸入颗粒物上有明显的富集。     

不同垃圾焚烧炉排放的PM10 中多环芳烃的研究

对大气可吸入颗粒物采样器进行改装，建立了垃圾焚烧炉烟气中PM10采样系统，并采集了三家垃圾发电厂焚烧炉排放烟气中的可吸入颗粒物。利用GC-MS对可吸入颗粒物中的16种多环芳烃进行定量研究，获得了多环芳烃的质量分数和浓度，并对不同环数的芳烃进行了比较，分析了不同样品中的多环芳烃的毒性参数。结果表明，颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要集中在4环、5环和6环，3环和2环所占比例较少；与燃煤电厂相比，垃圾焚烧发电厂排放的烟气中多环芳烃的浓度和毒性参数更高。     

亚临界水中生物固体废弃物水解产物中氨基酸的HPLC分析

亚临界水中生物固体废弃物水解产物中氨基酸的HPLC分析;亚临界水;生物质;固体废弃物;高效液相色谱;氨基酸;分析化学