Strain hardening in bent copper foils

A series of systematic tensile and microbend tests were conducted on copper foil specimens with different thicknesses. The specimens were made of a copper foil having almost unidirectional crystal orientations that was considered to be nearly single-crystal. In order to investigate the effects of slip system interactions, two different crystal orientations relative to the tensile direction were considered in the tests: one is close to coplanar double-slip orientation, and the other is close to the ideal cube orientation (the tensile direction nearly coincides to [0 0 1]) that yields multi-planar multi-slip deformation. We extended the microbend test method to include the reversal of bending, and we attempted to divide the total amount of strain-hardening into isotropic and kinematic hardening components. In the tensile tests, no systematic tendency of size dependence was observed. In the microbend tests, size-dependent kinematic hardening behavior was observed for both the crystal orientations, while size dependence of isotropic hardening was observed only for the multi-planar multi-slip case. We introduce an extended crystal plasticity model that accounts for the effects of the geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), which correspond to the spatial gradients of crystallographic slips. Through numerical simulations performed using the model, the origin of the size-dependent behavior observed in the microbend tests is discussed.     

Why is understanding glassy polymer mechanics so difficult?

In this Perspective, I describe recent work on systems in which the traditional distinctions between (i) unentangled versus well‐entangled systems and (ii) melts versus glasses seem least useful, and argue for the broader use in glassy polymer mechanics of two more dichotomies: systems which possess (iii) unary versus binary and (iv) cooperative versus noncooperative relaxation dynamics. I discuss the applicability of (iii–iv) to understanding the functional form of strain hardening. Results from molecular dynamics simulations show that the “dramatic” hardening observed in densely entangled systems is associated with a crossover from unary, noncooperative to binary, cooperative relaxation as strain increases; chains stretch between entanglement points, altering the character of local plasticity. Promising approaches for future research along these lines are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

Laws of Influence of Structural Characteristics on the Strength and Crack Resistance of Aging Metallic Materials

The structural characteristics (the volume fraction, size, and shape of and the distance among hardening-phase particles) of aging alloys and steels, which define the behavior of the critical stress intensity factor during thermal hardening, are determined using the structural-mechanical approach we have developed. It is experimentally demonstrated for maraging steels that our approach is capable of proving the correlations of strength, plasticity, and crack- resistance with the structural characteristics, which were varied by changing the chemical composition of steel and thermokinetic aging conditions__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 94–101, January 2005.     

Modeling and characterization of cyclic relaxation and ratcheting using the distributed-element model

Constitutive modeling of cyclic relaxation and ratcheting (cumulative inelastic deformation) is developed on the basis of the distributed-element model (DEM). Although the original DEM is capable of describing general, elastic–plastic behavior for cyclically stabilized materials, it has the inadequacy of not being able to account for the effect of cyclic relaxation and ratcheting. By introducing the nonlinear kinematic hardening rule proposed by Armstrong and Frederick into element behavior of the DEM, the model becomes effective in characterizing the behavior of cyclic relaxation and ratcheting. Validation of the modified DEM is conducted by simulating cyclic behavior of various metal materials, including CS 1018, heat-treated rail steel, and Grade 60 steel. The results show that the modified DEM demonstrates realistic behavior of materials in both uniaxial and biaxial cyclic relaxation and ratcheting. Furthermore, detailed investigation of element behavior in the model provides us with additional insight into complex behavior and characteristics of materials in cyclic relaxation and ratcheting.     

Y修饰CuO/ZrO_2催化剂高效催化水煤气变换反应制氢

采用水热法制备了具有不同Y掺杂量的单分散ZrO_2纳米粒子(n(Y)/n(Y+Zr)=0-5%),并以其为载体采用沉积-沉淀法制得CuO/ZrO_2催化剂;考察了富氢气氛下上述催化剂的水煤气变换反应(WGS)催化性能。结果表明,掺杂Y后催化剂的活性明显提高,其中,载体掺杂2%Y的催化剂具有最佳的催化活性,在270℃时的CO转化率高达91.4%,明显高于研究较多的CuO/ZnO和CuO/CeO_2催化剂。X射线粉末衍射、N_2物理吸附-脱附、N_2O滴定、扫描电镜和CO程序升温还原等表征结果表明,Y~(3+)掺入了ZrO_2的晶格并对催化剂的结构和还原性能产生直接影响。Y助剂的引入一方面促进了CuO在ZrO_2表面的分散,提高了催化剂表面活性Cu-[O]-Zr物种的含量;另一方面,改善了催化剂的颗粒单分散性和织构性能。载体掺杂2%Y助剂的样品具有较高的Cu-[O]-Zr物种含量、较佳的颗粒单分散性和织构性能,且其表面的Cu-[O]-Zr物种和活性羟基具有较佳的还原性能,因而表现出较高的催化活性     

Multi-scale finite element analyses of sheet metals by using SEM-EBSD measured crystallographic RVE models

In this study, two multi-scale analyses codes are newly developed by combining a homogenization algorithm and an elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element (FE) method (Nakamachi, E., 1988. A finite element simulation of the sheet metal forming process. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 25, 283–292; Nakamachi, E., Dong, X., 1996. Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analysis of dynamic deformation of sheet metal. Int. J. Computer-Aided Eng. Software 13, 308–326; Nakamachi, E., Dong, X., 1997. Study of texture effect on sheet failure in a limit dome height test by using elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analysis. J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME(E) 64, 519–524; Nakamachi, E., 1998. Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element modeling based on hardening–softening evaluation equation. In: Proc. of the 6th NUMIFORM, pp. 315–321; Nakamachi, E., Hiraiwa, K., Morimoto, H., Harimoto, M., 2000a. Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analyses of single- and poly-crystal sheet deformations and their experimental verification. Int. J. Plasticity 16, 1419–1441; Nakamachi, E., Xie, C.L., Harimoto, M., 2000b. Drawability assessment of BCC steel sheet by using elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analyses. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 43, 631–652); (1) a “semi-implicit” finite element (FE) code and (2) a “dynamic explicit” FE code. These were applied to predict the plastic strain induced yield loci and the formability of sheet metal in the macro scale, and simultaneously the crystal texture and hardening evolutions in the micro scale. The isotropic and kinematical hardening laws are employed in the crystalline plasticity constitutive equation. For the multi-scale structure, two-scales are considered. One is a microscopic polycrystal structure and the other a macroscopic elastic plastic continuum. We measure crystal morphologies by using the SEM-EBSD apparatus with a unit of about 3.8 μm voxel, and define a three dimensional (3D) representative volume element (RVE) for the micro polycrystal structure, which satisfy the periodicity condition of crystal orientation distribution. A “micro” finite element modeling technique is newly established to minimize the total number of finite elements in the micro scale. Next, the “semi-implicit” crystallographic homogenization FE code, which employs the SEM-EBSD measured RVE, is applied to the 99.9% pure-iron uni-axial tensile problem to predict the texture evolution and the subsequent yield loci in the various strain paths. These “semi implicit” results reveal that the plastic strain induced anisotropy in the micro and macro levels can be predicted by our FE analyses. The kinematical hardening law leads a distinct plastic strain induced anisotropy. Our “dynamic-explicit” FE code is applied to simulate the limit dome height (LDH) test problem of the mild steel DQSK, the high strength steel HSLA and the aluminum alloy AL6022 sheet metals, which were adopted as the NUMISHEET2005 Benchmark sheet metals (Smith, L.M., Pourboghrat, F., Yoon, J.-W., Stoughton, T.B., 2005. NUMISHEET2005. In: Proc. of 6th Int. Conf. Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes, PART A and B(Benchmark), pp. 409–451) to estimate formability. The “dynamic explicit” results reveal that the initial crystal orientation distribution has a large affects to a plastic strain induced texture and anisotropic hardening evolutions and sheet formability.     

扭转冷作硬化的试验研究及分析

扭转冷作硬化技术，能产生充分的塑性变形，从而使试件后继屈服极限和极限载荷比拉伸冷作硬化有大幅度提高。本文从试验研究和理论分析两个方面深入研究了这一问题，引出了有益的结果。     

Adsorption CO2 on the perfect and oxygen vacancy defect surfaces of anatase TiO2 and its photocatalytic mechanism of conversion to CO

The adsorption energies for physisorption and the most stable chemisorption of CO₂ on the neutral charge of perfect anatase [TiO₂] (0 0 1) are −9.03 and −24.66 kcal/mol on the spin-unpolarized and −12.98 and −26.19 kcal/mol on the spin-polarized surface. The small activation barriers of 1.67 kcal/mol on the spin-unpolarized surface and of 6.66 kcal/mol on the spin-unpolarized surface were obtained. The adsorption mechanism of CO₂ on the oxygen vacancy defect [TiO₂ + V_O] surface of anatase TiO₂ using density functional theory calculations was investigated. The energetically preferred conversion of CO₂ to CO was found either on the spin-unpolarized or spin-polarized surfaces of oxygen vacancy defect surface [TiO₂ + V_O] as photocatalyst.