三元聚合物复合颗粒的制备与形态调控

分别考察了聚合过程中的各因素对三元聚合物复合颗粒大小与形态的影响,结果表明:在分散共聚中,复合颗粒的粒径主要由疏水性单体苯乙烯的聚合所决定;并可采用分步聚合的方法先制备目标粒径的种子微球,进而在种子分散聚合过程中实现对颗粒大小的有效控制,其范围在500nm到3μm之间;颗粒表面凸起的不同形态是由聚丙烯腈链的生长和堆积所决定,但受到反应介质性质与聚合温度等条件的影响。     

颗粒毛细效应影响因素的离散元分析

颗粒毛细效应是指将一根细管插入填充有颗粒物质的容器中并对管施加竖直振动时颗粒在管内上升并最终达到一个稳定的高度的现象,该现象为颗粒物料的逆重力输运提供了一种潜在的技术途径.为探究颗粒毛细效应的影响因素,采用离散元方法,模拟再现了颗粒毛细效应过程,展示了不同管径下颗粒竖直方向速度演变特性,考察了不同容器宽度和振动条件下颗粒最终毛细上升高度随管径的演变规律.结果表明,在容器宽度与粒径比为40、管振幅与粒径比为14.33、管振动频率为12 Hz情况下,管径与粒径比D/d=3.33时,管内颗粒堵塞严重,使得颗粒上升缓慢,并造成颗粒柱中断; D/d=8.33时,起初毛细上升高度增加迅速,随后毛细上升高度的增大逐渐减缓,管内颗粒在管径方向几乎不存在速度梯度; D/d=15时,随着颗粒毛细上升高度的增大,管内颗粒柱分离为速度截然不同的两层,上层颗粒在管径方向几乎不存在速度梯度,而下层颗粒存在明显的速度梯度.研究还发现,在毛细效应能够发生的管径范围内,存在一个对应于颗粒最终毛细上升高度最大值的临界管径,当管径小于临界管径时,颗粒最终毛细上升高度随管径的增大而增大,当管径大于临界管径时,颗粒最终毛细上升...     

Distribution of Platinum and Palladium between Dissolved,Nanoparticulate, and Microparticulate Fractions of Road Dust

Ageing processes of vehicle catalytic converters inevitably lead to the release of Pt and Pd into the environment, road dust being the main sink. Though Pt and Pd are contained in catalytic converters in nanoparticulate metallic form, under environmental conditions, they can be transformed into toxic dissolved species. In the present work, the distribution of Pt and Pd between dissolved, nanoparticulate, and microparticulate fractions of Moscow road dust is assessed. The total concentrations of Pt and Pd in dust vary in the ranges 9–142 ng (mean 35) and 155–456 (mean 235) ng g⁻¹, respectively. The nanoparticulate and dissolved species of Pt and Pd in dust were studied using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median sizes of nanoparticulate Pt and Pd were 7 and 13 nm, respectively. The nanoparticulate fraction of Pt and Pd in Moscow dust is only about 1.6–1.8%. The average contents of dissolved fraction of Pt and Pd are 10.4% and 4.1%, respectively. The major fractions of Pt and Pd (88–94%) in road dust are associated with microparticles. Although the microparticulate fractions of Pt and Pd are relatively stable, they may become dissolved under changing environmental conditions and, hence, transformed into toxic species.     

Dielectric Loss and Electrical Conductivity Behaviors of Epoxy Composites Containing Semiconducting ZnO Varistor Particles

Polymer nanodielectrics render a great material platform for exhibiting the intrinsic nature of incorporated particles, particularly semiconducting types, and their interfaces with the polymer matrix. Incorporating the oxide fillers with higher loading percentages (>40 vol%) encounters particular challenges in terms of dispersion, homogeneous distribution, and porosity from the process. This work investigated the dielectric loss and electrical conduction behaviors of composites containing semiconducting ZnO varistor particles of various concentrations using the epoxy impregnation method. The ZnO varistor particles increased the dielectric permittivity, loss, and electrical conductivity of the epoxy composites into three different regimes (0–50 vol%, 50–70 vol%, 70–100 vol%), particularly under an electric bias field or at higher temperatures. For lower loading fractions below 50 vol%, the dielectric responses are dominated by the insulating epoxy matrix. When loading fractions are between 50 and 70 vol%, the dielectric and electric responses are mostly associated with the semiconducting interfaces of ZnO varistor particles and ZnO–epoxy. At above 70 vol%, the apparent increase in the dielectric loss and conductivity is primarily associated with the conducting ZnO core forming the interconnected channels of electric conduction. The foam-agent-assisted ZnO varistor particle framework appears to be a better way of fabricating composites of filler loading above 80 vol%. A physical model using an equivalent capacitor, diode, and resistor in the epoxy composites was proposed to explain the different property behaviors.     

A Collection of Molecular Fingerprints of Single Aerosol Particles in Air for Potential Identification and Detection Using Optical Trapping-Raman Spectroscopy

Characterization, identification, and detection of aerosol particles in their native atmospheric states remain a challenge. Recently, optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy (OT-RS) has been developed and demonstrated for characterization of single, airborne particles. Such particles in different chemical groups have been characterized by OT-RS in recent years and many more are being studied. In this work, we collected single-particle Raman spectra measured using the OT-RS technique and began construction of a library of OT-RS fingerprints that may be used as a reference for potential detection and identification of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. We collected OT-RS fingerprints of aerosol particles from eight different categories including carbons, bioaerosols (pollens, fungi, vitamins, spores), dusts, biological warfare agent surrogates, etc. Among the eight categories, spectral fingerprints of six groups of aerosol particles have been published previously and two other groups are new. We also discussed challenges, limitations, and advantages of using single-particle optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy for aerosol-particle characterization, identification, and detection.     

复合成核剂对聚丙烯结晶行为的影响

以超细橡胶粒子与有机磷酸盐成核剂复配的方法制备了一种新型复合成核剂,通过示差扫描量热法(DSC)比较了复合成核剂改性PP以及有机磷酸盐成核剂改性PP的结晶温度、等温结晶行为及等温结晶动力学;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的能谱附件和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了复合成核剂的微观形态及其在PP中的分散情况.研究结果表明,复合成核剂中超细橡胶粒子作为载体使有机磷酸盐成核剂附着在其表面,提高了成核剂在聚丙烯中的分散性,因而提高了成核剂的成核效率,当成核剂用量较小时,即可明显提高PP的结晶速率和力学性能.     

可见-红外波段光全散射法颗粒粒径测量范围的研究

在光全散射法颗粒粒径测量中,采用独立模式算法在可见-红外波段对粒径测量范围进行了深入的研究。通过对多种R-R分布函数反演结果进行分析,比较,以确定光全散射法颗粒粒径测量范围。同时在消光系数计算中,采用修正的消光系数代替原始的消光系数,以便得到更准确的粒径测量范围。仿真计算结果表明,在可见-红外光谱区,相对折射率m=1.235时的粒径测量范围为0.05～18 μm。在此区域内测量粒径分布,反演结果与真值基本吻合。随着颗粒相对折射率、波长范围的变化,粒径测量范围也随之发生改变。采用限制最小二乘算法能够最大限度地克服随机噪声对测量结果的影响,使测量的精度和可靠性明显提高。对测量的消光值加入±1%随机噪声时,颗粒粒径分布的反演均能得到满意的结果。     

冻结黏土力学特性分析及改进S-M蠕变模型1)

为合理描述人工冻结法施工的矿井土层力学特性,对某矿井土样的重塑土进行单轴抗压强度实验和单轴压缩蠕变实验,得到重塑冻结黏土在不同温度及载荷加载等级下的应力-应变曲线和蠕变曲线。实验结果表明：冻结温度越低,土样的单轴强度越大;相同冻结温度下,土样的蠕变变形随着应力水平的升高而增大。单轴压缩蠕变的等时应力-应变曲线随时间发展向应变轴靠拢;土样经历初始蠕变和等速蠕变两个阶段,在较高应力水平下有进入加速蠕变的趋势;对S-M模型中各参数的意义进行修正并考虑温度的影响,得到人工冻结黏土改进S-M蠕变显式模型,然后采用粒子群算法对人工冻结黏土S-M蠕变模型参数进行优化。改进S-M蠕变显式模型理论计算值与实验值吻合良好,表明改进S-M蠕变显式模型能较好模拟人工冻结黏土的蠕变特性。改进S-M蠕变显式模型为人工冻土蠕变计算提供一种新方法。     

基于激光干涉测试技术的分离式Hopkinson压杆实验测试系统

分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）实验的传统测试技术是基于应变片的电测技术,测试结果的可靠性强烈依赖于应变片与杆之间粘贴质量,受到人为因素的影响较大。本文中采用基于多普勒频移原理的双探头全光纤激光干涉测速技术,以粒子速度为监测目标,借助应力波传播理论,换算成试件的应变和应力,从而建立了SHPB实验的非接触光学测试系统。针对韧性和脆性两类材料,分别提出了激光正入射和激光斜入射两种测试技术。再以铝合金和PZT陶瓷为例,通过与传统的应变片测试结果以及DIC测量结果的对比分析,验证了两种测试技术的有效性。与传统的应变片测试技术相比,新的激光干涉测试技术具有免标定、抗干扰、可靠性高等许多优点,有助于实现SHPB实验测试系统标准化。

     

预点火湍流对正戊烷云雾爆炸参数的影响

以正戊烷云雾为研究对象,进行预点火湍流对云雾爆炸参数影响规律的实验研究。首先通过不同气动压力进行喷雾,获得平均特征直径（SMD）分别为 21.21、14.51 和 8.64 μm 的正戊烷云雾,并得到不同气动压力预点火的湍流均方根速度;随后在 20 L 云雾爆炸参数测量系统中实验获得预点火湍流对正戊烷云雾蒸发速率、爆炸超压峰值、压力上升速率和火焰传播延迟时间的影响。结果表明：(1) 对于圆柱形罐体对称式双喷头分散系统,流场环境可近似认定为零平均速率湍流场;在0.4、0.6和0.8 MPa的气动压力喷雾50 ms的分散作用下,在100～250 ms内,湍流均方根速度在1.0～6.2 m/s范围内,平均湍流积分尺度在40～72 mm范围内,湍流最大湍流尺度的雷诺数在8 000～15 000范围内,柯尔莫哥洛夫微尺度在0.03～0.1 mm范围内;(2) 对于较小的液滴群,随湍流强度的增加,液滴群的蒸发速率有更为明显的提升;(3) 对比云雾三种SMD,粒径8.64 μm的超压峰值与最大压力上升速率随湍流强度增长趋势更显著,并发生爆炸强度显著提升现象,即存在“转变区域”（transition range）现象;(4) 对于SMD在8～22 μm范围内,湍流均方根速度处于1.0～4.0 m/s时为火焰传播延迟时间的低增长阶段,湍流均方根速度处于4.0～6.2 m/s时为火焰传播延迟时间的高增长阶段,湍流强度与火焰传播延迟时间在相应的两个湍流强度阶段范围内呈线性增长。