Stabilization of Large Adsorbates by Rotational Entropy: A Time‐Resolved Variable‐Temperature STM Study

Investigating the dynamics in an adlayer of the oligopyridine derivative 2‐phenyl‐4,6‐bis(6‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)‐4‐(pyridine‐4‐yl)pyridine‐2‐yl)pyrimidine (2,4′‐BTP) on Ag(111) by fast scanning tunneling microscopy (video‐STM), we found that rotating 2,4′‐BTP adsorbates coexist in a two‐dimensional (2D) liquid phase (β‐phase) in a dynamic equilibrium with static adsorbate molecules. Furthermore, exchange between an ordered phase (α‐phase) and β‐phase leads to fluctuations of the domain boundary on a time scale of seconds. Quantitative evaluation of the temperature‐dependent equilibrium between rotating and static adsorbates, evaluated from a large number of STM images, gains insight into energetic and entropic stabilization and underlines that the rotating adsorbate molecules are stabilized by an entropy contribution, which is compatible with that derived by using statistical mechanics. The general validity of the concept of entropic stabilization of rotating admolecules, favoring rotation already at room temperature, is tested for other typical small, mid‐size and large adsorbates.     

Thermal decomposition of copper(II) and zinc carbonate hydroxides by means of TG-MS

Summary For the quantitative analyses of evolved CO₂and H₂O during the thermal decomposition of solids, calibration curves, i.e. the amounts of evolved gases vs. the corresponding peak areas of mass chromatograms measured by TG-MS, were plotted as referenced by the reaction stoichiometry of the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO₃. The accuracy and reliability of the quantitative analyses of the evolved CO₂and H₂O based on the calibration curves were evaluated by applying the calibration curves to the mass chromatograms for the thermal decompositions of copper(II) and zinc carbonate hydroxides. It was indicated from the observed ratio of evolved CO₂and H₂O that the compositions of copper(II) and zinc carbonate hydroxides examined in this study correspond to mineral malachite, Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂, and hydrozincate, Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆, respectively. Reliability of the present analytical procedure was confirmed by the fairly good agreement of the mass fraction of the evolved gases calculated from the analytical values with the total mass-loss during the thermal decompositions measured by TG.     

全权、常驻公使与钦差—津约谈判前后的中英职衔对等与邦交平等翻译问题

1858年《天津条约》谈判前后,全权问题和钦差驻京成为中英交涉的核心问题,一度成为谈判延宕的症结所在。英方将全权代表额尔金的职衔Plenipotentiary译作“钦差全权大臣”,同时将Resident Minister译作“钦差”,均引发清廷上下极大抵触。18世纪末19世纪初,英方只能妥协接受马戛尔尼和阿美士德的职衔被译作“贡使”;情势翻转后,先是璞鼎查的职衔在第一次鸦片战争时期译为“钦奉全权大臣”,到第二次鸦片战争时期,额尔金的职衔则更进一步译成“钦差全权大臣”。汉译“钦差全权大臣”使得Plenipotentiary的含义生发了显著变化−经过英方在翻译上的操纵,指向了英文的Plenipotentiary + Imperial Commissioner的叠合。英方如此翻译,表面上看是为争取或表明英中两国谈判代表地位上的对等或平行,反映出英方自马戛尔尼访华始追求邦交平等或均势的意图,实际上却创制了新的身份不对等关系,折射出中英实力此消彼长的现实。历时地看,英方追求词语对等努力虽先后遭到乾隆帝和咸丰帝的抵制,但其成果最终经过不平等条约确定与固化下来,使得刚刚开启的中英外交关系陷入了新的不平等境地。中国在由英国人主导的条约外交体系中,陷入了与英国新不平等地位的尴尬境地。     

Topological identification of the first uninodal 8‐connected lsz MOF built from 2,2′‐difluorobiphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate pillars and cadmium(II)–triazolate layers

Using polynuclear metal clusters as nodes, many high‐symmetry high‐connectivity nets, like 8‐connnected bcu and 12‐connected fcu , have been attained in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). However, construction of low‐symmetry high‐connected MOFs with a novel topology still remains a big challenge. For example, a uninodal 8‐connected lsz network, observed in inorganic ZrSiO₄, has not been topologically identified in MOFs. Using 2,2′‐difluorobiphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H₂L) as a new linker and 1,2,4‐triazole (Htrz) as a coligand, a novel three‐dimensional Cd^II–MOF, namely poly[tetrakis(μ₄‐2,2′‐difluorobiphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylato‐κ⁵O¹,O^1′:O^1′:O⁴:O^4′)tetrakis(N,N‐dimethylformamide‐κO)tetrakis(μ₃‐1,2,4‐triazolato‐κ³N¹:N²:N⁴)hexacadmium(II)], [Cd₆(C₁₄H₆F₂O₄)₄(C₂H₂N₃)₄(C₃H₇NO)₄]_n, (I), has been prepared. Single‐crystal structure analysis indicates that six different Cd^II ions co‐exist in (I) and each Cd^II ion displays a distorted [CdO₄N₂] octahedral geometry with four equatorial O atoms and two axial N atoms. Three Cd^II ions are connected by four carboxylate groups and four trz⁻ ligands to form a linear trinuclear [Cd₃(COO)₄(trz)₄] cluster, as do the other three Cd^II ions. Two Cd₃ clusters are linked by trz⁻ ligands in a μ_1,2,4‐bridging mode to produce a two‐dimensional Cd^II–triazolate layer with (6,3) topology in the ab plane. These two‐dimensional layers are further pillared by the L²⁻ ligands along the c axis to generate a complicated three‐dimensional framework. Topologically, regarding the Cd₃ cluster as an 8‐connected node, the whole architecture of (I) is a uninodal 8‐connected lsz framework with the Schläfli symbol (4²²·6⁶). Complex (I) was further characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and a photoluminescence study. MOF (I) has a high thermal and water stability.     

Improving the softness of BOPP films: From laboratory investigation to industrial processing

Young's modulus of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films prepared with homemade film stretcher was investigated,which can be used to indicate the softness of fihns.It was found that the modulus of films was decreased by about 69％ as the content of polyethylene (PE) added into polypropylene (PP) reached 30％.Also,increasing draw temperature can induce lower stress level during stretching,which may lead to the formation of crystals with low orientation level and thus decreased modulus of films.Based on laboratory study,BOPP films produced on commercial line were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),wide and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS,SAXS) with varying contents of PE.SAXS results show that the crystals are oriented in both machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD),and the crystals are more oriented in TD than MD according to the WAXS results for all films.Also,the orientation parameter of crystal along TD increases from 0.68 to 0.83 as the contents of PE increase from 0％ to 25％.Meanwhile,the modulus of films in MD declines with increase of PE contents generally,improving the film softness.Orientation of crystals is thus an effective structure parameter to adjust the film softness.The relationship of processing-structure-property is also established.     

复合物Ⅲ抑制剂型杀菌剂——结构类型和作用机理

复合物III是细胞呼吸链的重要组成部分,也是杀菌剂的重要作用靶标之一,近年来以复合物III为靶标的杀菌剂应用越来越广泛。本文在总结了复合物III结构和功能最新研究成果的基础上,系统综述了抗霉素A、氰霜唑、Surangin B等Q_i位点抑制剂,甲氧丙烯酸酯类、噁唑菌酮、粘噻唑、标桩菌素、UHDBT等Q_o位点抑制剂,以及双位点抑制剂NQNO与复合物III的作用机理,并对各类杀菌剂的构效关系进行了归纳和讨论。     

Copper‐catalyzed one‐pot synthesis of propargylamines via C?H activation in PEG

An efficient and convenient three‐component A³ coupling reaction of aldehyde, amine and alkyne via C? H activation with CuI alone as the catalyst in PEG is developed, providing a wide range of propargylamines with yields ranging from moderate to excellent. Additionally, the catalyst system was recovered and reused several times without evident loss in activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.