Sequential dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of aryloxyphenoxy‐propionate herbicides in water

A novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method followed by HPLC analysis, termed sequential DLLME, was developed for the preconcentration and determination of aryloxyphenoxy‐propionate herbicides (i.e. haloxyfop‐R‐methyl, cyhalofop‐butyl, fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl, and fluazifop‐P‐butyl) in aqueous samples. The method is based on the combination of ultrasound‐assisted DLLME with in situ ionic liquid (IL) DLLME into one extraction procedure and achieved better performance than widely used DLLME procedures. Chlorobenzene was used as the extraction solvent during the first extraction. Hydrophilic IL 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride was used as a dispersive solvent during the first extraction and as an extraction solvent during the second extraction after an in situ chloride exchange by bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]imide. Several experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized with the design of experiments using MINITAB® 16 software. Under the optimized conditions, the extractions resulted in analyte recoveries of 78–91%. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves ranged from 0.9994 to 0.9997 at concentrations of 10–300, 15–300, and 20–300 μg L^?1. The relative SDs (n = 5) ranged from 2.9 to 5.4%. The LODs for the four herbicides were between 1.50 and 6.12 μg L^?1.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定红茶和绿茶中7种硫代氨基甲酸酯类除草剂

建立了红茶和绿茶中7种硫代氨基甲酸酯类除草剂(禾草敌、克草敌、灭草敌、野麦畏、禾草丹、茵草敌和丁草敌)的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法.样品制备后,取2.0 g样品,加6 mL水浸润1 h.然后加入2.5 g NaCl,并用20 mL乙腈分两次进行提取,提取液吹氮浓缩后过HLB柱,并用3 mL乙腈洗脱.洗脱液浓缩后用2.0 mL正己烷-丙酮(7∶ 3,V/V)溶解残渣,然后过Envi-Carb固相萃取柱,再用5 mL正己烷-丙酮洗脱,洗脱液浓缩后用乙腈-水(5∶ 5,V/V)定容.采用LC-MS/MS电喷雾电离,多反应监测模式对样品进行分析.以D_3-甲萘威为内标,测定7种硫代氨基甲酸酯除草剂的线性范围为0～200 μg/L,线性相关系数在0.9954～0.9988范围内,检出限在0.093～1.77 μg/L范围内.在添加浓度5～20 μg/kg范围内,7种硫代氨基甲酸酯除草剂的回收率均在77.3%～91.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于15%.本方法被成功用于红茶和绿茶样品中硫代氨基甲酸酯除草剂的测定.     

Synthesis of 4-arylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diones from the Baylis-Hillman acetates

Synthesis of 4-arylidenecyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives was carried out from the Baylis-Hillman acetates. The potential utility of the prepared compounds for the synthesis of cyclohexanedione oxime ether herbicides was examined.     

Evaluation of double solid-phase extraction system for determining triazine herbicides in milk

Summary High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was used to determine eight triazine herbicides in milk. Solid-phase extraction was performed using a double trap; first, a nonspecific adsorbent (Carbograph), and then a cation exchanger (SCX). Eluate from the SCX was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and redissolved in mobile phase. An aliquot was injected into the chromatograph, which was operated isocratically in the reverse-phase mode with UV detection at 225 nm. Analytical recoveries for the eight triazines ranged from 73.0 % to 92.4 %. The limit of sensitivity of this method was about 0.09 ng mL⁻¹ of milk. The method was validated and evaluated by comparison with a method reported in literature.     

磺酰脲类除草剂的合成及其除草活性

磺酰脲类除草剂具有用量低,活性高、选择性好、毒性小的优点。为开发和应用此类除草剂,我们合成了在氮原子上连正丁基的8个新的衍生物,并进行了室内药效测定。     

Micro-porous membrane liquid-liquid extraction as an enrichment step prior to nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis determination of sulfonylurea herbicides

A method based on micro-porous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) enrichment and nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation, was established for the analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water samples. After MMLLE, the analyte trapped in the chloroform was treated mildly with nitrogen flow to dryness and then dissolved in 200 μl of 4 mM Tris methanol solution for CE analysis. Five sulfonylurea herbicides were separated by nonaqueous CE with Tris/acetate of methanol solution as the run buffer. MMLLE related parameters such as organic solvent used as acceptor, sample flow rate, sample pH, enrichment time, and salt effect were investigated with tribenuron methyl (TBM) as a model compound. Results showed that with a sample flow rate of 3.0 ml min⁻¹ and an enrichment time of 20 min, the proposed method has good linear relationship over the scope of 1-15 ng ml⁻¹ with related coefficient of R²=0.9911, and a detection limit of 0.4 ng ml⁻¹. This method was applied to determine TBM in realworld water samples with recoveries over the range of 89-97%.     

Evaluation of double solid-phase extraction system for determining triazine herbicides in milk

Summary High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was used to determine eight triazine herbicides in milk. Solid-phase extraction was performed using a double trap; first, a nonspecific adsorbent (Carbograph), and then a cation exchanger (SCX).Eluate from the SCX was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and redissolved in mobile phase. An aliquot was injected into the chromatography, which was operated isocratically in the reverse-phase mode with UV detection at 225 nm.Analytical recoveries for the eight triazines ranged from 73.0% to 92.4%. The limit of sensitivity of this method was about 0.09 ng mL^–1 of milk. The method was validated and evaluated by comparison with a method reported in literature.     

Determination of triazine herbicides in surface and drinking waters by off-line combination of liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Summary Mass spectra of 12 triazines were obtained by electron impact (EI), positive-ion chemical ionization (PCI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) using methane and isobutane as reagent gases. EI mass spectrometry is more sensitive than PCI and NCI, although the chemical ionization modes increase selectivity markedly. A pre-column packed with polymer stationary phase was employed to preconcentrate surface and drinking water samples. After desorption of the analytes with ethyl acetate, an aliquot was injected directly into the GC-MS system. Atrazine and simizine were found in these samples at 10–80 ppt levels. The limits of detection for both herbicides were below 10 ppt in drinking water.     

Optimization of instrumental parameters for flow injection analysis-thermospray tandem mass spectrometry

Summary Optimization of signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) by optimizing electron multiplier (EM) voltage and resolution of the first and second mass analyser in a thermospray (TSP), tandem mass spectrometer system is studied. Using flow injection analysis (FIA) of samples containing eight chlorophenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides and bentazone, and a FIA system, the signal and background (noise) intensity i.e. S/N are studied with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) at different EM voltages. An EM voltage of 2500 V improves the S/N ratios 5.5–13 fold compared to the usual 1700 V. Applying additional resolution voltages of +3 to +4 V to the first and second mass analyser decreases resolution in each mass analyser, but there is no overall loss in selectivity, while the S/N ratios further increase 3–4 fold. The selectivity of measurements was studied using 2,4,5-T ((2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) and triclopyr, which differ only one mass unit in the selection of the parent and daughter ion mass in the applied SRM method. Resolution could be decreased to 36–54% valley definition, while still ensuring the selectivity. With the herbicides studied, screening of surface water samples spiked at the 1 g l^–1 level, corresponding to 25 pg component s^–1 into the MS, is easily achieved under optimum conditions without analyte concentration. Some sample clean-up is recommended, however, because ionization efficiencies tend to diminish with some of the raw sample studied.