近红外光纤光谱技术检测西红柿果浆总酸及可溶性糖的研究

为了探索一种简捷、快速、高效的西红柿品质检测方法,应用近红外光谱技术与光纤传感技术相结合的新方法,快速测量西红柿果浆样品中营养成分的含量。实验所用的主要仪器为近红外光纤光谱仪,波长范围为900～2 500 nm。以164个西红柿样品为标准样品,进行了光谱采集及相应的化学值测定。实验数据采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)进行回归,建立西红柿果浆中总酸及可溶性糖含量的数学模型,并对回归方法进行统计分析。结果为：西红柿果浆中总酸验证集的决定系数(R2)为0.967,均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.133,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.103;总糖验证集的决定系数(R2)为0.976,均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.463,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.460。均达到了较好的预测结果,表明该方法对定量分析西红柿果浆中多组分含量是可行的。基于该方法快速、简便及可对同一样品多组分含量同时分析的优点,它是一种极具发展前途的传感器,正在逐渐成为国际传感器领域的研究热点。     

Projections of the Aldous chain on binary trees: Intertwining and consistency

Consider the Aldous Markov chain on the space of rooted binary trees with n labeled leaves in which at each transition a uniform random leaf is deleted and reattached to a uniform random edge. Now, fix 1 ≤ k<n and project the leaf mass onto the subtree spanned by the first k leaves. This yields a binary tree with edge weights that we call a “decorated k‐tree with total mass n.” We introduce label swapping dynamics for the Aldous chain so that, when it runs in stationarity, the decorated k‐trees evolve as Markov chains themselves, and are projectively consistent over k. The construction of projectively consistent chains is a crucial step in the construction of the Aldous diffusion on continuum trees by the present authors, which is the n→∞ continuum analog of the Aldous chain and will be taken up elsewhere.     

General linear-fractional branching processes with discrete time

We study a linear-fractional Bienaymé–Galton–Watson process with a general type space. The corresponding tree contour process is described by an alternating random walk with the downward jumps having a geometric distribution. This leads to the linear-fractional distribution formula for an arbitrary observation time, which allows us to establish transparent limit theorems for the subcritical, critical and supercritical cases. Our results extend recent findings for the linear-fractional branching processes with countably many types.     

Simultaneous Occurrences of Runs in Independent Markov Chains

We observe m independent and identically distributed binary Markov chains and look for simultaneous occurrences of runs in several of them. We are interested in the distribution of the maximum number of simultaneous runs on finite time intervals. First we introduce a natural exact approach and also explain why it fails to calculate the required probabilities. Then we find exact upper and lower bounds for the probability of interest. We apply these results to detect genomic deletions in cancer patients.      

关于一类有限非齐次马尔可夫链熵率的收敛速度

运用随机条件熵的概念和绝对平均收敛的一些性质,利用H S Chang研究齐次马氏链熵率收敛速度的方法考虑了在给定条件下的一类有限非齐次马氏链熵率的指数收敛速度.     

The regioselectivity of the addition of benzeneselenyl chloride to 7-azanorborn-5-ene-2-yl derivatives is controlled by the 2-substituent: new entry into 3- and 4-hydroxy-5-substituted prolines

The electrophilic addition of benzeneselenyl chloride to the alkene moiety of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl derivatives has been studied. With camphanates 8 and 9N-Boc-5-endo-chloro-6-exo-phenylseleno-7-azanorborn-2-yl camphanates 10 and 11 are obtained with high regioselectivity due to a steric control. With N-Boc-7-azanorbor-5-en-2-one (2) the corresponding 6-endo-chloro-5-exo-phenylseleno derivative 15 is obtained in high yield due to a kinetic control attributed to the electron-releasing ability of the homoconjugated carbonyl group. Bicyclic adducts 10 and 11 and 15 are readily converted into 4-hydroxy-(14) and 3-hydroxy-5-substituted proline derivatives 19, respectively.     

Microstructure and properties of polyurethanes derived from castor oil

The goal of this work was the synthesis of novel segmented polyurethanes with a high percentage of components derived from renewable sources. The soft segment was a polyol derived from castor oil and the hard segment structure was varied by means of different chain extenders, petrochemical-based 1,4-butanediol (BD) and corn sugar-based 1,3-propanediol (PD). The synthesis was carried out in bulk and without catalyst via a two-step polymerization varying hard segment ratio. Physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological characterization was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), mechanical testing and termogravimetric analysis (TGA). Properties have been discussed from the viewpoint of hard/soft microdomain phase separation and also the hard segment nature and formed structure. An increase in hard segment content was accompanied by an increase in hard domain order, crystallinity, and stiffness. The hard segment structures, in addition to the elastic nature of soft segment, provide enough physical crosslink sites to impart properties ranging from elastomeric to rigid behaviour with the increase of hard segment content. Polyurethanes synthesized from bio-based chain extender showed a slightly lower crystallinity in the hard segment structure than that synthesized from BD as the chain extender. This lower crystallinity avoids strength concentrations at the soft/crystalline hard segment interface, thus improving the mechanical properties at high hard segment content. The slightly higher thermal stability observed for BD based polyurethanes is related with their more packed structures and crystallinity observed in the hard segment structure.     

Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Liquid Crystalline Complex of 2,4,6-Triarylamino-1,3,5-triazines with Semiperfluorinated Benzoic Acids

Hydrogen bonded supramolecular complexes of 2,4,6‐triarylamino‐1,3,5‐triazines ( Tn ) with semiperfluorinated benzoic acids have been prepared. The mesophase behaviors of such complexes were investigated with POM (polarized optical microscopy), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and X‐ray diffraction. Columnar mesophase was found in the equimolar mixtures of the triazines with the semiperfluorinated benzoic acids. While the equimolar mixture of triazines with the nonfluorinated three fold alkoxy‐modified carboxylic acid was not mesogen. The mesophase formation is analyzed as the hydrogen bonding between the Tn and benzoic acid which leads to discrete dimeric supermolecule and enhances the polarity of the core region of the dimeric supermolecule; simultaneously, an increased intramolecular polarity contrast upon replacing alkyl chains by semiperfluorinated chains, which favors a microsegregation, and leads to the fromation of the columnar phase.     

A new basic motif in cyanometallate coordination polymers: structure and magnetic behavior of M(mu-OH2)2[Au(CN)2]2 (M=Cu, Ni)

The structures of two cyanoaurate-based coordination polymers, M(mu-OH(2))(2)[Au(CN)(2)](2) (M=Cu, Ni), were determined by using a combination of powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The basic structural motif for both polymers contains rarely observed M(mu-OH(2))(2)M double aqua-bridges, which generate an infinite chain; two trans [Au(CN)(2)](-) units also dangle from each metal center. The chains form ribbons that interact three dimensionally through CNH hydrogen bonding. The magnetic properties of both compounds and of the dehydrated analogue Cu[Au(CN)(2)](2) were investigated by direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) magnetometry; muon spin-relaxation data was also obtained to probe their magnetic properties in zero-field. In M(mu-OH(2))(2)[Au(CN)(2)](2), ferromagnetic chains of M(mu-OH(2))(2)M are present below 20 K. Interchain magnetic interactions mediated through hydrogen bonding, involving water and cyanoaurate units, yield a long-range magnetically ordered system in Cu(mu-OH(2))(2)[Au(CN)(2)](2) below 0.20 K, as indicated by precession in the muon spin polarization decay. Ni(mu-OH(2))(2)[Au(CN)(2)](2) undergoes a transition to a spin-glass state in zero-field at 3.6 K, as indicated by a combination of muon spin-relaxation and ac-susceptibility data. This transition is probably due to competing interactions that lead to spin frustration. A phase transition to a paramagnetic state is possible for Ni(mu-OH(2))(2)[Au(CN)(2)](2) upon application of an external field; the critical field was determined to be 700 Oe at 1.8 K. The dehydrated compound Cu[Au(CN)(2)](2) shows weak antiferromagnetic interactions at low temperatures.     

An explicit finite‐difference method for the approximate solutions of a generic class of anharmonic dissipative nonlinear media

We develop an explicit finite‐difference method to approximate solutions of modified, Fermi–Pasta–Ulam media, which consider the presence of parameters, such as external damping, relativistic mass, a coefficient for the nonlinear term, and a coefficient of coupling in the case of discrete systems. We propose discrete expressions to approximate consistently the total energy of the system and the average energy flux, and prove that the discrete rate of change of energy is a consistent estimate of its continuous counterpart. The method is thoroughly tested in the energy domain, and our results show that the method gives an approximately constant energy in the case of conservative systems, which fluctuates within a narrow margin of error that may be attributed to truncation errors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010