Fast‐scanning high‐flux microprobe for biological X‐ray fluorescence microscopy and microXAS

There is a growing interest in the biomedical community in obtaining information concerning the distribution and local chemical environment of metals in tissues and cells. Recently, biological X‐ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) has emerged as the tool of choice to address these questions. A fast‐scanning high‐flux X‐ray microprobe, built around a recently commissioned pair of 200 mm‐long Rh‐coated silicon Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors, has been constructed at BioCAT beamline 18ID at the Advanced Photon Source. The new optical system delivers a flux of 1.3 × 10¹² photons s^?1 into a minimum focal spot size of ～3–5 µm FWHM. A set of Si drift detectors and bent Laue crystal analyzers may be used in combination with standard ionization chambers for X‐ray fluorescence measurements. BioCAT's scanning software allows fast continuous scans to be performed while acquiring and storing full multichannel analyzer spectra per pixel on‐the‐fly with minimal overhead time (<20 ms per pixel). Together, the high‐flux X‐ray microbeam and the rapid‐scanning capabilities of the BioCAT beamline allow the collection of XFM and micro X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (microXAS) measurements from as many as 48 tissue sections per day. This paper reports the commissioning results of the new instrument with representative XFM and microXAS results from tissue samples.     

Determination of ligustilide in rat blood and tissues by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of ligustilide following oral administration to rats. The method was used for the analysis of samples taken from rats. Biological samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using an n-hexane-ether (2:1) solvent mixture for a sample clean-up step and analyzed by GC/MS with a quadrupole MS detector in selected ion monitoring mode (m/z 190). The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range 0.172-8.60 microg/mL (r > 0.99) for blood samples and a different range (r > 0.99) for different tissue samples. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.0 ng/mL or 1.0 ng/g (three times the signal-noise ratio). Within- and between-day precision expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the method was 1.58-3.88 and 2.99-4.91%, respectively. The recovery for all samples was >80%, except for liver samples (>70%). The main pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were: T(max) = 0.65 +/- 0.07 h, C(max) = 1.5 +/- 0.2 microg/mL, AUC = 34 +/- 6 h microg/mL and K(a) = 3.5 +/- 0.6/h. The experimental results showed that ligustilide was easily absorbed, but its elimination was slow, from 3 to 12 h after oral administration. The concentrations of ligustilide in rat cerebellum, cerebrum, spleen and kidney were higher than those in other organs.     

Challenges in determining perchlorate in biological tissues and fluids: implications for characterizing perchlorate exposure

The ability to measure environmental contaminants in biological tissues and fluids is important in the characterization of exposure. However, the analysis of certain contaminants in these matrices presents significant challenges. Perchlorate (ClO₄⁻) has emerged as a potential contaminant of concern primarily in drinking water and also in contaminated food. Significant advances have been made in the analysis of perchlorate in environmental matrices (water, soil) by ion chromatography (IC). In contrast, the analysis of perchlorate in extracts of biological tissues and fluids (vegetation, organs, milk, blood, urine, etc.) presents several challenges including small sample sizes, extracts with high matrix conductivity, and co-elution of other ions during IC analysis. To be able to detect low concentrations of perchlorate in biological samples, interferences must be removed or minimized, such as through the use of preparative chromatography cleanup techniques and/or alternative analytical methods less susceptible to common interferences (preconcentration or mass spectrometric detection). We present discussion and examples of the challenges encountered in the analysis of tissue extracts and fluids for perchlorate by IC and how some of those analytical challenges have been overcome.     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡组织与鸡蛋中氯苯胍的残留量

建立了测定鸡组织与鸡蛋中氯苯胍残留的高效液相色谱法。试样用乙腈提取,经HLB固相萃取柱净化和流动相定容后,采用高效液相色谱法测定。以乙腈-0.05 mol/L NH4H2PO4缓冲液(6:4, v/v, pH 6.5)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,于317 nm波长下检测。氯苯胍在10～1000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系;方法的检出限(信噪比为3)为10 μg/L,定量限(信噪比为10)为15 μg/kg;回收率为73.1%～88.7%。该法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,样品处理简便易行,适用于测定鸡组织与鸡蛋中残留的氯苯胍。     

热凝固致人肝组织光衰减和光穿透深度的变化

采用双积分球和反向倍增法(IAD),研究了热凝固致人肝肿瘤及正常人肝组织对680, 720,780,810, 850, 890 nm波长的钛宝石激光的光穿透深度和光衰减特性的变化。结果表明：6个波长的激光的热凝固前后的肝肿瘤和正常肝对光穿透深度都随着激光波长的增大而明显增大,热凝固后的激光穿透深度都分别显著地较热凝固前的穿透深度小(P＜0.05),6个波长的激光对热凝固前后的肝肿瘤的光穿透深度都分别显著地较热凝固前后的正常肝穿透深度大(P＜0.05)。热凝固前后的人肝肿瘤和正常肝对6个波长的激光的衰减都是随着激光波长的增大而明显减小,热凝固后的人肝肿瘤和正常肝的光衰减都分别显著地较热凝固前的衰减大(P＜0.05),热凝固前后的肝肿瘤对光的衰减也都分别显著地较热凝固前后的正常肝衰减大(P＜0.05)。     

Biaxial Mechanical Evaluation of Planar Biological Materials

A fundamental goal in constitutive modeling is to predict the mechanical behavior of a material under a generalized loading state. To achieve this goal, rigorous experimentation involving all relevant deformations is necessary to obtain both the form and material constants of a strain-energy density function. For both natural biological tissues and tissue-derived soft biomaterials, there exist many physiological, surgical, and medical device applications where rigorous constitutive models are required. Since biological tissues are generally considered incompressible, planar biaxial testing allows for a two-dimensional stress-state that can be used to characterize fully their mechanical properties. Application of biaxial testing to biological tissues initially developed as an extension of the techniques developed for the investigation of rubber elasticity [43, 57]. However, whereas for rubber-like materials the continuum scale is that of large polymer molecules, it is at the fiber-level (∼1 μm) for soft biological tissues. This is underscored by the fact that the fibers that comprise biological tissues exhibit finite nonlinear stress-strain responses and undergo large strains and rotations, which together induce complex mechanical behaviors not easily accounted for in classic constitutive models. Accounting for these behaviors by careful experimental evaluation and formulation of a constitutive model continues to be a challenging area in biomechanics. The focus of this paper is to describe a history of the application of biaxial testing techniques to soft planar tissues, their relation to relevant modern biomechanical constitutive theories, and important future trends. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

生物组织光传输的系统模型及应用

以辐射传输方程为基础,讨论了生物组织光传输问题的线性空间平移不变性,同时建立了层状生物组织光传输问题的系统理论及相应的计算模型.与Monte Carlo方法的对比计算表明：该模型在保证结果准确性的前提下,可极大地提高生物组织光传输问题的计算效率.在此基础上,将该模型应用于层状生物组织内会聚光传输问题的理论计算,讨论了光源会聚角对生物组织内光场分布的影响.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡组织中沃尼妙林残留

建立了鸡组织中沃尼妙林残留的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-ESI-MS /MS) 检测方法.样品用乙腈提取后,过Strata-X-C固相萃取小柱净化.以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(35∶ 65,V/V)为流动相,经Luna C18色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾电离,多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式对沃尼妙林进行定性与定量分析.采用基质匹配法,对鸡皮肤、肌肉、肾脏和肝脏中沃尼妙林的含量进行标准校正,在5(7.5)～500 μg/kg范围内线性良好(r>0 998),在鸡肝脏中的检出限(LOD)及定量限(LOQ)分别为4.0和7.5 μg/kg;其它3种组织中的LOD及LOQ分别为2.5和5.0 μg/kg.在5(7.5), 50及500 μg/kg添加水平下,4中组织中沃尼妙林的平均回收率为78 5%～104.0%.日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%～9.8%,日间相对标准偏差为3.7%～13.2%.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定虾肌肉组织中阿维菌素残留量

提出了反相高效液相色谱法测定虾肌肉组织中阿维菌素残留量的方法。试样经乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷脱脂后,离心分离取下层溶液过Hypersil C_(18)色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,用甲醇水(86+14)溶液为流动相,于245 nm波长处进行紫外检测。阿维菌素的质量浓度在0.005～2mg·L~(-1)范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.002mg·kg~(-1)。以虾肌肉组织样品为基体,加入3种不同浓度水平的阿维菌素标准溶液作回收试验,测得回收率在89.4%～102.4%之间;日内相对标准偏差(n=6)和日间相对标准偏差(n=6)分别在2.1%～7.2%和5.5%～8.4之间。     

学习向量量化神经网络用于胃癌组织样品分类识别的研究

将lvq神经网络(Learn ing Vector Quantization Neural Networks)用于胃癌组织样品的分类识别,根据胃癌组织及相应正常组织的FTIR光谱的主要特征吸收峰值(包括vas(CH3)、vs(CH2)、δ(CH2)、v(C-O)、vs(PO2-)、vas(PO2-)和vs(核酸,细胞蛋白及膜脂))全部或部分作为网络输入向量,对未知的胃组织样品进行分类识别,结果显示:i)以上述全部七个谱峰为输入向量时,网络经训练学习后,其平均识别正确率最高(达89.3%),表明该网络对胃癌组织样品的分类识别是满意的,完全可作为临床医学的辅助诊断手段;ii)总体上,当作为输入向量的FTIR特征谱峰越多时,则网络的平均分类识别正确率越高;iii)作为输入的FTIR特征谱峰不同时,则网络的平均分类识别正确率也不同。