蜂窝催化剂上甲醇自热重整制氢的动力学研究

400 ℃～460 ℃,400 h－1～1 600 h－1,O2/CH3OH(mol ratio)=0.10～0.25,H2O/CH3OH (mol ratio) =1.0～1.8下,通过正交实验设计方法,用BSD-2A型内循环无梯度反应器研究了Zn-Cr/CeO2-ZrO2蜂窝催化剂上甲醇自热重整制氢反应的宏观动力学。以甲醇水蒸气重整反应、甲醇分解反应和甲醇完全氧化反应为独立反应进行了研究,得出了幂指数型反应速率表达式,并根据实验结果,利用最小二乘法求解了动力学参数值。F检验表明该动力学模型是高度显著的。该多重反应动力学方程的得出为蜂窝反应器的进一步模拟、优化和设计提供了数据。     

Strategies to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated softwood with high residual lignin content

Pretreatment of Douglas-fir by steam explosion produces a substrate containing approx 43% lignin. Two strategies were investigated for reducing the effect of this residual lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: mild alkali extraction and protein addition. Extraction with cold 1% NaOH reduced the lignin content by only approx 7%, but cellulose to glucose conversion was enhanced by about 30%. Before alkali extraction, addition of exogenous protein resulted in a significant improvement in cellulose hydrolysis, but this protein effect was substantially diminished after alkali treatment. Lignin appears to reduce cellulose hydrolysis by two distinct mechanisms: by forming a physical barrier that prevents enzyme access and by non-productively binding cellulolytic enzymes. Cold alkali appears to selectively remove a fraction of lignin from steam-exploded Douglas-fir with high affinity for protein. Corresponding data for mixed softwood pretreated by organosolv extraction indicates that the relative importance of the two mechanisms by which residual lignin affects hydrolysis is different according to the pre- and post-treatment method used.     

Numerical investigation of the effect of inlet condition on self‐excited oscillation of wet steam flow in a supersonic turbine cascade

Self‐excited oscillation can be induced due to the interaction between condensation process and local transonic condition in condensing flow, which is an important problem in wet steam turbine. With an Eulerian/Eulerian numerical model, the self‐excited oscillation of wet steam flow is investigated in a supersonic turbine cascade. Owing to supercritical heat addition to the subsonic flow in the convergent part of the cascade, the oscillation frequency decreases with increased inlet supercooling. Mass flow rate increases in the oscillating flow due to the greater supersaturation in condensation process, while the increase will be suppressed with the flow oscillation. Higher inlet supercooling leads to the fact that the condensation process moves upstream and the loss increases. Moreover, some predictions of oscillation effects on outflow angle and aerodynamic force are also presented. Finally, heterogeneous condensations with inlet wetness and periodic inlet conditions, as a result of the interference between stator and rotor, are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol: A Two Step Process

A two-layer fixed-bed catalytic reactor for hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol is proposed. In this reactor ethanol is first converted to acetaldehyde over a Cu-based catalyst and then acetaldehyde is converted to a hydrogen-rich mixture over a Ni-based catalyst. It is shown that the use of such type of reactor prevents coke formation and provides hydrogen yields closed to equilibrium.     

透平转子的可靠性设计

介绍透平转子的可靠性设计方法。该方法以传统的转子强度和振动的设计方法为基础,把透平转子的静应力、材料静强度、应力幅、尺寸系数、表面加工系数、应力集中系数、材料疲劳极限、热疲劳累积损伤程度、材料低周疲劳程度、蠕变寿命、固有频率、激振力频率、不平衡响应等处理为随机变量,使用机械概率设计法确定转子设计的可靠度。文中给出了透平转子静强度、疲劳强度、热疲劳、蠕变寿命、避开弯曲共振、避开扭转共振和限制不平稳响     

汽轮机转子的温度场及热应力场计算

利用积分变换法导出了蒸汽温升率连续变化时汽轮机转子的温度场和热应力场计算公式。本公式可直接应用于转子的应力监测与控制。和差分法相比，解析法的数据处理速度快，能满足快速监测、及时跟踪与控制的要求。关键词：汽轮机转子；温度场；热应力场     

试样尺寸对核电厂主蒸汽管道断裂韧性的影响研究

以某核电厂SA335 材料主蒸汽管道为研究对象,首先结合SA335 的断裂阻力曲线（J-R 曲线）试验测量结果,提出了一种方法确定韧性金属材料裂纹扩展模型（G-T 模型）中的主要微观参数：初始孔隙率0 f 和初始孔隙间距D;随后,在有限元计算中引入G-T 模型模拟了SA335 紧凑拉伸试样的断裂过程,讨论了试样尺寸对于J-R 曲线的影响．结果表明：试样厚度一致时,初始裂纹长度大的试样对应偏低的断裂韧性;当试样尺寸整体缩放时,较大尺寸的试样对应偏低的断裂韧性．最后,结合实例说明了试样整体尺寸对于主蒸汽管道临界裂纹长度的影响．     

水和水蒸汽热力学物性参数及导数的计算与应用

本文针对现代换热设备设计、两相流动与传热研究的需要,介绍了可供科研使用的水和水蒸汽物性计算方法,完善了计算程序。根据超临界锅炉设计中的超临界水的物性计算,两相流研究和换热设备动态特性研究中对物性导数计算的需要,提供了两个算例,并进行了定性分析。     

Heat transfer in bubble layers at elevated pressures

Heat transfer with steam condensation under moderate pressure on the surface of a horizontal tube immersed in a bubbling layer was experimentally investigated. A copper test section 16 mm in outer diameter and 400 mm in length was placed in a bubbling column 455 mm in diameter. Experiments were made under pressures of 0.14–0.8 MPa, with void fraction 0.04–0.23, vapor superficial velocities 0.05–0.42 m/s, liquid-wall temperature differences 47–105 K, and heat flux densities 0.12–0.8 MW/m². The heat transfer process in the bubbling layer is shown to be of a high intensity: with moderate values of steam content, heat transfer coefficients reach 12–14 kW/(m² · K). Data obtained showed that the known correlations do not consider the influence of pressure on heat transfer. For the first time, data on radial steam content distribution under pressures higher than atmospheric were obtained by an electroprobe method. A table of experimental data is presented.