LaXCoO3（X=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ce）催化剂的制备及其催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

以PEG 400为分散剂,采用一步柠檬酸络合法制备了LaXCoO3(X=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ce;La:X=3:2)复合催化剂.采用X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、N2吸附-脱附和H2程序升温还原等技术对复合催化剂进行了表征,考察了不同元素A位取代对LaCoO3钙钛矿结构的影响,进而研究了其对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢的催化性能和稳定性.结果表明,在高含量取代时,只有Ce取代的样品能够保持单一的钙钛矿晶型;Ca或Sr取代的样品产生的Co3O4分离相有利于复合催化剂活性中心钴的还原;Sr或Ce取代的样品在反应中表现出较好的活性和稳定性,Sr取代的样品活性更高.     

A study on methanol steam reforming to CO2 and H2 over the La2CuO4 nanofiber catalyst

The La₂CuO₄ crystal nanofibers were prepared by using single-walled carbon nanotubes as templates under mild hydrothermal conditions. The steam reforming of methanol (SRM) to CO₂ and H₂ over such nanofiber catalysts was studied. At the low temperature of 150 °C and steam/methanol=1.3, methanol was completely (100%, 13.8 g/h g catalyst) converted to hydrogen and CO₂ without the generation of CO. Within the 60 h catalyst lifespan test, methanol conversion was maintained at 98.6% (13.6 g/h g catalyst) and with 100% CO₂ selectivity. In the meantime, for distinguishing the advantage of nanoscale catalyst, the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder was prepared and tested for the SRM reaction for comparison. Compared with the La₂CuO₄ nanofiber, the bulk powder La₂CuO₄ showed worse catalytic activity for the SRM reaction. The 100% conversion of methanol was achieved at the temperature of 400 °C, with the products being H₂ and CO₂ together with CO. The catalytic activity in terms of methanol conversion dropped to 88.7% (12.2 g/h g catalyst) in 60 h. The reduction temperature for nanofiber La₂CuO₄ was much lower than that for the La₂CuO₄ bulk powder. The nanofibers were of higher specific surface area (105.0 m²/g), metal copper area and copper dispersion. The in situ FTIR and EPR experiments were employed to study the catalysts and catalytic process. In the nanofiber catalyst, there were oxygen vacancies. H₂-reduction resulted in the generation of trapped electrons [e] on the vacancy sites. Over the nanofiber catalyst, the intermediate H₂CO/HCO was stable and was reformed to CO₂ and H₂ by steam rather than being decomposed directly to CO and H₂. Over the bulk counterpart, apart from the direct decomposition of H₂CO/HCO to CO and H₂, the intermediate H₂COO might go through two decomposition ways: H₂COO=CO+H₂O and H₂COO=CO₂+H₂.     

Effect of ceria loading on the carbon formation during low temperature methane steam reforming over a Ni/CeO2/ZrO2 catalyst

The characterization and catalytic activity of a Ni/CeO₂/ZrO₂ catalyst for methane steam reforming at 600°C were investigated. The addition of ceria increased the surface area and basicity of the catalysts. The redox reaction capability of the ceria increased the hydrogen yield and carbon monoxide selectivity, and inhibited carbon formation.     

Pt，Pd助剂对Ni基催化剂中Ni的分散度及抗积碳性能的影响

研究了添加少量贵金属(Pt,Pd)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂对甲烷水蒸汽重整反应抗积碳能力和催化性能的影响.催化活性实验表明,添加少量Pt的样品显著提高了Ni/Al2O3催化剂的活性,稳定性,抗积碳和抗氧化能力,而添加Pd的样品对Ni/Al2O3催化剂的催化性能提高并不明显.利用氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR),X射线晶体衍射(XRD),热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)等手段对反应前后的催化剂进行了表征,研究发现在Ni-Pt/Al2O3催化剂中Ni与Pt之间存在较强的相互作用力,在主要由Ni覆盖的表面形成了Ni-Pt双金属簇,提高了Ni的分散度,在催化剂的表面易于形成较小的Ni颗粒,抑制了Ni的烧结,改善了Ni基催化剂的抗积碳能力;贵金属Pt通过H2的溢流效应促进了Ni的还原,抑制了催化剂的氧化.而在Ni-Pd/Al2O3中,Ni和Pd存在着一定的偏析效应,不能有效的形成Ni-Pd双金属簇,在还原过程中分别被还原.     

用于水蒸气重整生物质热解焦油的镍基催化剂的发展(英文)

Nickel catalysts are effective for the steam reforming of tar derived from biomass pyrolysis,but the improvement is needed in terms of activity,stability,suppression of coke deposition and aggregation,and regeneration.Our recent development of Ni-based catalysts for the steam reforming of tar is reviewed including the modification with CeO2(or MnO),trace Pt,and MgO.The role of additives such as CeO2,MnO,Pt,and MgO is also discussed.     

反相微乳法制备Ni/CeO2纳米复合催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

采用W/O反相微乳法制备了Ni/CeO2纳米复合催化剂,对比了加热和真空冷冻两种不同干燥方法处理的催化剂以及传统浸渍法制备的催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整反应性能。由X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(TPR)和程序升温脱附(TPD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明,采用反相微乳法制备的Ni/CeO2纳米复合催化剂显示了良好的催化活性和选择性;其中采用真空冷冻干燥处理的催化剂表现出最好的活性,H2产率最高达到42%,CO选择性低至0.35%,并且具有较好的稳定性和抗积炭能力,优于传统浸渍法制备的催化剂。     

热预处理影响褐煤热解行为研究

采用固定床反应器研究了不同气氛热预处理对内蒙胜利褐煤结构的改变,及其对后续热解行为的影响。结果表明,与原煤相比,热预处理后煤中羟基含量和芳香氢与脂肪氢的比减少,脂肪氢的相对含量增加。与未经处理的煤热解相比,N2、N2+O2、CO2气氛下热预处理后热解水收率下降,热解气收率增加,热解气中CO2含量增高,导致高位热值下降。过热水蒸气热预处理后,焦油质量收率提高3～4个百分点。热解焦油组成的变化与预处理气氛、温度密切相关,过热水蒸气200℃下预处理使得焦油中轻质组分的含量(沸点低于360℃的馏分)比原煤焦油提高了约27个百分点;水蒸气和模拟烟气混合气氛下在200℃及250℃预处理后,其热解焦油中轻油和酚油含量分别提高约60和42个百分点。     

神华煤直接液化残渣萃取残渣焦气化动力学研究

在热天平上分别考察了甲苯、苯及乙醇萃取液化残渣热解焦在水蒸气和CO2气氛下的气化动力学,并对比了液化残渣热解焦在相同条件下的气化反应性。结果表明,温度是影响残渣焦气化反应速率的重要因素;超临界溶剂对残渣的萃取使得残渣焦中碳基质的有序度有所降低,并在一定程度上增加了残渣焦的孔结构,因此,提高了残渣焦的气化反应性;残渣焦孔结构不发达,可以使用化学反应控制未反应收缩核模型预测残渣焦的气化反应过程。     

含氧/蒸汽气氛中煤高温分解产物分布及反应性

在流化床反应器中考察了含氧/水蒸气气氛中煤在850 ℃下的热解特性,包括产物分布特性及生成的半焦与焦油的反应性,研究了温度、过量空气比(Equivalence ratio: ER)和水蒸气/煤比(S/C, 质量比)的影响。结果表明,随热解温度、ER和S/C质量比的增加,气体产率增加,而半焦和焦油产率减少。O₂的加入使CO₂、CO含量明显增加,H₂含量降低。O₂和水蒸气的加入使半焦的比表面积显著增加,半焦气化活性增强,但半焦在900 ℃和 ER 为0.22的条件下出现轻微石墨化,降低了其气化活性。同时,反应气氛中含有O₂和水蒸气对焦油的性质有显著影响,与单纯的N₂气氛相比,O₂和水蒸气的存在使热解焦油中单环芳烃、酮类、酚类、脂肪烃都明显减少,这对于焦油的进一步裂解及重整更加有利。     

γ-Al2O3催化2,2′－二氨基联苄合成亚氨基二苄

亚氨基二苄及其衍生物是重要的药物合成中间体, 文献中报道的最高理论收率可达92%. 我们选γ-Al_2O_3为2, 2′-二氨基联苄脱氨催化剂, 在水蒸气气氛中进行脱氨反应, 亚氨基二苄最高收率可达100%. 该催化剂比以往催化剂简单, 价廉, 连续使用720小时后可活化再生, 非常适合于亚氨基二苄的工业化生产.