基于MATLAB软件对不同偏振光在不同介质中的传播过程的动态模拟

利用MATLAB软件对不同偏振光在真空、各向同性介质、线型各向异性介质以及圆型各向异性介质中的传播过程进行了三维动态模拟,能够加深学生对光的偏振概念以及各种偏振光与不同介质之间相互作用原理的理解。     

Nonlinear mobility of a driven system: Temperature and disorder effects

We consider the dissipative nonlinear dynamics of a model of interacting atoms driven over a substrate potential. The substrate parameters can be suitably tuned in order to introduce disorder effects starting from two geometrically opposed ideal cases: commensurate and incommensurate interfaces. The role of temperature is also investigated through the inclusion of a stochastic force via a Langevin molecular dynamics approach. Here, we focus on the most interesting tribological case of underdamped sliding dynamics. For different values of the chain stiffness, we evaluate the static friction threshold and consider the depinning transition mechanisms as a function of the applied driving force. As experimentally observed in QCM frictional measurements of adsorbed layers, we find that disorder operates differently depending on the starting geometrical configuration. For commensurate interfaces, randomness lowers considerably the chain depinning threshold. On the contrary, for incommensurate mating contacts, disorder favors static pinning destroying the possible frictionless (superlubric) sliding states. Interestingly, thermal and disorder effects strongly influence also the occurrence of parametric resonances inside the chain, capable of converting the kinetic energy of the center-of-mass motion into internal vibrational excitations. We comment on the nature of the different dynamical states and hysteresis (due to system bi-stability) observed at different increasing and decreasing strengths of the external force.     

Frenkel-Kontorova模型中基底势振动的影响

基于一维Frenkel-Kontorova模型, 研究了振动的基底势对系统纳米摩擦现象的影响. 分别在相邻原子间的距离与周期势场的周期比为不公度(incommensurate)、可公度(commensurate)两种情形下, 探讨了基底势振动的振幅和频率对滞回现象(hysteresis)、最大静摩擦力以及超滑现象的作用机理. 两种情形下, 固定频率, 随着振幅的增大, 滞回区域的面积以及最大静摩擦力都将减小, 对于不同的频率, 减小的趋势不同. 系统甚至产生了超滑现象. 但当频率过大时, 振幅的改变不会影响滞回区域的面积以及最大静摩擦力的大小, 此时与基底不加振动时的情形一致; 当振幅固定, 随着频率的增大, 滞回区域的面积将增大, 对于不同振幅, 增大的趋势不同. 特别地, 对于某些固定的振幅, 最大静摩擦力随着振动频率的增大先逐步减小直至出现超滑现象, 再进一步增大频率, 最大静摩擦力又转而逐步增大. 这一现象类似于共振, 表明存在最佳的振动频率促进系统内所有原子的共同运动, 使得整个系统的最大静摩擦力几乎消失. 另外, 两种情形的区别是, 对于某些固定的频率(如ω= 0.5)和不同的小振幅, 不可公度情形往往具有相同的平均终止速度, 而可公度情形则不同, 表明相同前提下后者具有更复杂的动力学行为. 关键词： Frenkel-Kontorova模型 滞回 最大静摩擦力 超润滑     

Average kinetic energy of ions ejected from pure Coulomb explosions of methane clusters

We use an electrostatic model to study the average kinetic energy of ions ejected from the pure Coulomb explosions of methane clusters (CA4)n (light atom A=H and D). It is found that the ratio of the average kinetic energy of the ions to their initial average electrostatic potential energy is irrelevant to the cluster size. This finding implies that as long as the ratio is given, the average kinetic energies of the ions can be simply estimated from their initial average electrostatic potential energies, rather than from the time- consuming simulations. The ratios for the different charge states of carbon ions are presented.     

On some aspects of the dynamics of a monoatomic Lennard-Jones liquid

Summary On the basis of the results obtained by methods of molecular dynamics by Rahman on liquid Ar, it is empirically shown that the harmonic spectrum of the atomic motion can be interpreted as a sum of two contributions. A ?preliminary? frequency spectrum, obtained by considering every possible (practically harmonic) motion of an atom in the field of its nearest neighbours, duly transformed to take account of the very short duration of the single monochromatic oscillations, constitutes one of the contributions interpretable as a superposition of disordered ?local oscillations?. The other contribution, interpretable as a superposition of travelling waves, is given by a sum of two bands having some analogy with Rayleigh-Debye bands, but having the customary cut replaced by a factor of the form exp [−(ω/ω₀)²] whose physical meaning is that only oscillations having an amplitude larger than a minimal value appear as travelling waves. These bands come into evidence when the spectrum of the local oscillations is subtracted from the harmonic spectrum. The lower frequency band is quite small (area about 2% of the total area of the spectrum) and suggests the existence of transverse waves (in the field of 10¹² Hz.)

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Riassunto Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti con metodi di dinamica molecolare applicati da Rahman al caso dell’argon liquido, si mostra empiricamente che lo spettro armonico dei moti atomici in questo liquido si può interpretare come somma di due contributi. Uno spettro di frequenza ?preliminare? ottenuto considerando tutti i possibili moti di un atomo nel campo dei suoi vicini piú prossimi, debitamente transformato per tener conto della brevissima durata delle singole oscillazioni, costituisce uno dei contributi, interpretabile come sovrapposizione disordinata di ?oscillazioni locali?. L’altro contributo, interpretabile come sovrapposizione di onde viaggianti, risulta formato da due bande aventi una certa analogia con le bande di Rayleigh-Debye nelle quali però l’abituale taglio discontinuon è sostituito da un fattore exp [−(ω/ω₀)²] il cui significato fisico è che soltanto oscillazioni con un’ampiezza superiore ad un minimo (legato al valore di ω₀) appaiono come onde viaggianti. Queste bande di onde viaggianti si evidenziano quando lo spettro delle oscillazioni locali è sottratto dallo spettro atomico. La banda di frequenza minore è molto piccola (area di circa il 2% dell’area totale dello spettro) e suggerisce l’esistenza di onde trasversali (nel campo di 10¹² Hz).

     

电子束放射照相的特性与参数优化

短脉冲强激光产生的电子束具有源尺寸小、脉宽窄、准单能谱等特点, 在放射照相诊断中具有独特作用. 本文通过分析电子在材料中散射并采用蒙特卡罗方法数值模拟, 研究了100 keV到几百MeV能量电子束对有厚度起伏或存在界面的靶的透视, 并与质子、X射线束透视结果比较, 给出了电子束放射照相的特性与参数优化: 基于电子在材料中非弹性散射或能量损失, 选用能量使其射程与靶厚度接近的电子束来诊断靶厚度不均匀性; 基于电子在材料中的弹性散射, 选用射程超过靶厚度的电子束来诊断靶界面.     

溶液中金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱

利用激光击穿光谱的方法对水溶液样品中的金属元素进行定性和定量分析。分别采用竖直喷流(口径0.5 mm)和静止液面两种样品采样模式,针对不同质量浓度的Cd,Fe,Al和Pb元素进行了检测分析并得到了其定标曲线(线性拟合相关度基本在0.99以上),初步确定了4种元素在喷流模式下的检测限为0.206 5(Cd),0.147 6(Fe),0.061 9(Al)和0.200 9(Pb)g/L;静止液面模式下的检测限为0.050 1(Cd),0.0239(Fe),0.014 8(Al)和0.006 9(Pb)g/L。实验所得的结果为检测工业废水中金属元素的含量提供了依据。     

Mechanistic model for the dielectric spectrum of a simple dielectric material

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of a dielectric fluidic material composed of permanent molecular dipoles. The dielectric spectrum features two peaks at lower frequencies than the system phonon frequency. The primary peak is observed at all temperatures studied and shifts toward lower frequencies as the temperature decreases. During this shift, the secondary peak emerges with a higher peak frequency than the primary peak. The secondary peak amplitude increases as the temperature decreases. Both peaks are dependent on the wavevector; in the small wavevector regime, the primary peak is shifted to higher frequencies as the wavevector squared and the secondary peak amplitude increases as the wavevector increases, but shows no shift in frequency. From the polarisation balance equation, we propose a model for the dielectric spectrum. This captures the spectrum features, and we conjecture that the primary peak is due to dipole moment correlations (Debye-type) and the secondary peak is due to the correlation between the dipole moment and a microscopic local field.