原油非烃化合物结构与含量的馏分分离及联用色谱信息获取通用方法

用正己烷将沥青质从油样中分离,再根据类组分之间极性差别,用中性氧化铝-硅胶双层析柱将原油样其余部分分成脂肪烃、芳香烃和7个非烃馏分。各馏分回收完全。用色-质联用技术,将非烃馏分再分离并获取实验数据,为原油非烃结构和含量测定奠定有关的信息基础。不同油井样品研究和重复实验表明,方法对各种原油非烃化合物分离和信息测定有很好的重现性。     

稠油中饱和烃复杂混合物成分解析及其意义

利用两根极性不同的毛细柱,在全二维气相色谱上分析辽河油田遭受严重生物降解形成的稠油饱和烃组分,可以将传统色谱分析时形成的“基线鼓包”即不可分辨的复杂混合物（Unresolved Complex Mixtures）分开．根据饱和烃全二维气相色谱谱图的族分离特点和瓦片效应,结合飞行时间质谱提供的质谱信息初步解析不可分辨的复杂混合物主要成分．发现常规色谱分析时形成的所谓“基线鼓包”是由成千上万、含量相对较低的不同取代基的环状化合物组成,这些化合物在一维色谱上以分子量递增的顺序排列,在二维色谱上以极性的差异或者环的多少排列．C24之前的第一组不可分辨的复杂混合物主要由环己烷为基本单元的单环、双环和三环烷烃类化合物组成,信噪比在100以上的化合物数量约为饱和烃总数量的75％,质量分数是饱和烃总量的80％以上,是饱和烃的主要组成部分．C24之后出现的第二组不可分辨的复杂混合物主要由四个环或者五个环为基本单元的化合物组成,信噪比在100以上的化合物数量约为饱和烃总数量的17％,质量分数是饱和烃总量的0．5％．对稠油中这些不可分辨的复杂混合物的解析有助于对其成因机理的认识和高效开采方案的制定．     

原油乳状液稳定性和破乳研究进展

本文从控制乳状液稳定性的一些因素－界面膜、界面张力、双电层、空间位阻、固体粒子、液晶、油相溶解度、连续相粘度等方面综述了有关乳状液稳定性的一些研究进展。对国内外有关原油乳状液的破乳研究也做了综述。同时，介绍了应用于乳状液稳定性研究的新的实验技术和仪器。     

用高效液相色谱法预测两油层合采过程中单层的产量分数

 在全油的气相色谱指纹没有显著差异的原油中 ,发现了萘、菲系列化合物在原油中的浓度具有显著差异。提出了预测两油层合采过程中的分层产量分数的新方法。选择萘、菲系列化合物为地化指标 ,用氧化铝 硅胶柱对其预分离 ,再用高效液相色谱法测定其视浓度。通过用人工配制的混合原油进行验证 ,结果表明该方法适用于全油气相色谱差别小的原油 ,预测值与实际值的相对偏差为 8% ,精确度优于全油气相色谱指纹法。     

Studies on mass production of transformed Panax ginseng hairy roots in bioreactor

The growth properties of Panax ginseng hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes were compared between flask and aerated column or stirred bioreactor. In flask cultures, sucrose, initially 30 g/L, was nearly exhausted after 45 d of culture. The pH of the medium dropped from 5.5 to 4.96 after 10 d, but afterward it gradually increased to 6.4. After 45 d, hairy roots grew about 16-folds. The growth rate of hairy roots in air-bubble column or stirred bioreactor cultures was 1.13 (1.11) to 1.23 (1.20) g fresh wt (dry wt)/(g of cells·d), respectively. For both bioreactors, growth was about three times as high as in the flask cultivation.     

原油破乳剂-破乳剂复配的筛选

原油含水增加了储存、输送、炼制过程中设备的负荷,引起设备和管道的结垢或腐蚀。原油脱水是原油生产过程中必不可少的环节。原油中的天然乳化剂有沥青质、胶质、石蜡、石油酸皂及泥质固体颗粒等。乳状液的破坏一般经历分油(crearming)、絮凝(flocculation)、膜(破裂)排水、聚     

Determination of API Gravity and Total and Basic Nitrogen Content by Mid- and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Crude Oil with Multivariate Regression and Variable Selection Tools

Abstract

American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity is an important parameter in the crude oil industry and the nitrogen compounds are related to the toxic effects of the oil in refineries and the environment. In this paper, 194 crude oil samples with API gravities ranging from 11.4 to 57.5 were used for the purpose of estimating the physicochemical properties: API gravity, total nitrogen content (TNC) and basic nitrogen content (BNC). Initially, infrared spectra in the mid and near regions (MIR and NIR) were collected, then full-spectral partial least squares (PLS) and the orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) chemometric models were developed and validated, as well as models using interval PLS (iPLS), synergy interval PLS (siPLS) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling PLS (CARSPLS) as variable selection tools. For API gravity and TNC, the best calibration technique is the NIR CARSPLS with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.9 and 0.0275?wt%, respectively. For BNC, the best technique is MIR siPLS with a prediction error of 0.0134?wt%. The results were validated based on the evaluation of the figures of merit, a statistical evaluation of the accuracy, characterization of the systematic error and measurement for errors in the residues. The results were satisfactory considering the high variability of the data and the diversity of the samples, demonstrating suitable applicability for practical analysis.     

原油三维荧光分析中猝灭现象辨析

研究了原油的三维荧光猝灭现象，指出浓度过高是原油产生荧光猝灭的主要原因，将会造成三维荧光等值线图畸变，致使定量分析数据失真，谱图特征变异，难以获取原油特征三维指纹图。提出了避免荧光猝灭的预试方法，并列出了不同类型原油的最佳测试浓度。     

Dispersion of T1 and T2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation in Crude Oils

Crude oils, which are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, can be characterized by nuclear magnetic resonace diffusion and relaxation methods to yield physical properties and chemical compositions. In particular, the field dependence, or dispersion, of T₁ relaxation can be used to investigate the presence and dynamics of asphaltenes, the large molecules primarily responsible for the high viscosity in heavy crudes. However, the T₂ relaxation dispersion of crude oils, which provides additional insight when measured alongside T₁, has yet to be investigated systematically. Here we present the field dependence of T₁‐T₂ correlations of several crude oils with disparate densities. While asphaltene and resin‐containing crude oils exhibit significant T₁ dispersion, minimal T₂ dispersion is seen in all oils. This contrasting behavior between T₁ and T₂ cannot result from random molecular motions, and thus, we attribute our dispersion results to highly correlated molecular dynamics in asphaltene‐containing crude oils.     

Experimental Investigation on Yield Stress of Water-in-Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions in Order to Improve Pipeline Flow

An experimental study on yield stress of water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions has been carried out by using a HAAKE RS6000 Rheometer with a vane-type rotor. Several factors such as oil volume fraction, shear rate, temperature, and emulsifying agent on the yield stress of emulsions were investigated. Zero shear viscosity of heavy crude oil was 6000 mPas at 30°C, with a density 955 kg/m³. This study shows that the yield stress increases linearly with the increasing shear rate, and displays an exponential decay with increasing the temperature and oil volume fraction. Although the addition of emulsifying agent enhanced the stability of the emulsion, to some extent it also increased the yield stress, especially for the emulsions with high oil volume fractions. Therefore, to reduce the start-up force for the pipeline transport of water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions, the starting rate should be decreased, temperature increased, or oil volume fraction increased. These results are helpful to improve the transportation of water-in-heavy crude oil in pipeline.