REACTIONS OF TRIMETHYL GROUP IVA HALIDES (Si,Ge, Sn) WITH PHOSPHINE-BRIDGED PALLADIUM,PLATINUM, AND SILVER DIMERS

Abstract

Reactions of a series of binuclear, phosphine bridged late transition metal complexes, Pd₂Cl₂(dppm)₂, Pd₂Cl₂(dmpm)₂, Pd₂Cl₂(Ph₂Ppy)₂, Pt₂Cl₂(dppm)₂, and Ag₂Br₂(dppm)₂, with Me₃SiX (X = Br, I), Me₃GeBr and Me₃SnBr were examined by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Rapid exchange of Pd-Cl, Pt-Cl and Ag-Br bonds for Pd-X, Pt-X (X = Br, I) and Ag-I bonds was observed to be independent of the nature of the phosphine ligand, the nature of the metal center or the group IV element. Differences in Lewis acidity of the transition metal center as a function of the ligands and the identity of the transition metal and differences in the basicity of the Me₃EBr ligands are proposed to account for the failure to detect intermediates in these reactions similar to those reported for reactions between Pd₂Cl₂(dppm)₂ and Me₃SiX.     

Cover Picture: Theoretical Study on the Halogen–Zinc Exchange Reaction by Using Organozincate Compounds (Chem. Eur. J. 23/2009)

Density functional theory and fragment‐energy analysis have been used to probe the mechanism of the halogen–zinc exchange reaction. In their Full Paper on page 5686 ff. , M. Uchiyama, S. Nakamura et al. discuss three important factors in this reaction: The effect of the halogen species, the effect of the alkyl ligand on zinc, and the effect of the substrate nature.

     

Online H/D exchange liquid chromatography as a support for the mass spectrometric identification of the oxidation products of melatonin

The hydrogen–deuterium exchange of protonated melatonin and its in vitro oxidation end‐products have been examined by liquid chromatography coupled with ion‐trap mass spectrometry. Specific H/D scrambling of protons in the C2 and C4 positions of the indole ring during gas‐phase fragmentation process was observed for both melatonin and its oxidation products. Collision‐induced dissociation spectra showed losses of variably deuterated NH₃, H₂O and CH₃CONH₂. In addition, a similar H/D scrambling behaviour was observed for the oxidation products, obtained from the opening of the indole ring by oxidative attack. Fragmentation pathways are proposed and H/D scrambling has been employed as a fingerprint, allowing identification of N¹‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynurenin (AMK), N¹‐acetyl‐N²‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynurenin (AFMK), dehydro‐AFMK and hydroxymelatonin as the oxidation products of melatonin in vitro. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于强阳离子交换色谱与等电聚焦的磷酸化蛋白质组学分离策略比较

比较分析了强阳离子交换(SCX)与等电聚焦(IPG-IEF)技术在磷酸化蛋白质组学中的应用。采用3种标准磷酸化蛋白对SCX与IPG-IEF两种技术对磷酸化肽段富集的有效性进行考察。以HepG2细胞为复杂样本,考察SCX与IPG-IEF在实际样本中的应用情况。对SCX与IPG-IEF技术在18O标记的磷酸化蛋白质组定量研究中的应用情况进行考察。蛋白鉴定采用高准确度、高灵敏度、高分辨率的LTQ-FTICR-MS/MS质谱仪。实验表明:SCX和IPG-IEF在大规模磷酸化肽段分离过程中均有效;在复杂样本中,SCX技术的分离效果优于IPG-IEF;IPG-IEF的重复性好于SCX;在磷酸化蛋白质组定量分析结果表明,IPG-IEF技术的稳定性优于SCX。本研究为根据不同实验目的而选择适当的磷酸化蛋白质组预分离技术提供了有用信息。     

阴离子交换柱分离不同价态砷的研究及其应用

利用醋酸型AG 1-X8阴离子交换树脂和氯化物型AG 1-X8阴离子交换树脂对As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)吸附的差异,实现As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的有效分离。过滤和酸化后的水样流经树脂交换柱(75mm×5.3mm i.d.)时,醋酸型AG 1-X8阴离子交换树脂可吸附As(Ⅴ);而As(Ⅲ)可通过树脂柱。被吸附的As(Ⅴ)用0.12mol/L HCl淋洗出来,在此过程中醋酸型树脂转化为氯化物型树脂。该树脂交换柱可多次循环使用。本方法简单易行,适用于野外现场条件下高砷地下水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的分离和准确测定;用于检测水铁矿除砷过程中砷价态变化。结果表明,缺氧条件下水铁矿对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附动力学特征遵循假二级反应动力学模式,内扩散不是控制As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)吸附的因素。随着时间的推移,膜扩散对吸附的控制作用增强。     

Use of potassium-form cation-exchange resin as a conductimetric enhancer in ion-exclusion chromatography of aliphatic carboxylic acids

In this study, a cation-exchange resin (CEX) of the K⁺-form, i.e., an enhancer resin, is used as a postcolumn conductimetric enhancer in the ion-exclusion chromatography of aliphatic carboxylic acids. The enhancer resin is filled in the switching valve of an ion chromatograph; this valve is usually used as a suppressor valve in ion-exchange chromatography. An aliphatic carboxylic acid (e.g., CH₃COOH) separated by a weakly acidic CEX column of the H⁺-form converts into that of the K⁺-form (e.g., CH₃COOK) by passing through the enhancer resin. In contrast, the background conductivity decreases because a strong acid (e.g., HNO₃) with a higher conductimetric response in an eluent converts into a salt (e.g., KNO₃) with a lower conductimetric response. Since the pH of the eluent containing the resin enhancer increases from 3.27 to 5.85, the enhancer accelerates the dissociations of analyte acids. Consequently, peak heights and peak areas of aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid) with the enhancer resin are 6.3-8.0 times higher and 7.2-9.2 times larger, respectively, than those without the enhancer resin. Calibrations of peak areas for injected analytes are linear in the concentration range of 0.01-1.0 mM. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) range from 0.10 μM to 0.39 μM in this system, as opposed to those in the range of 0.24-7.1 μM in the separation column alone. The developed system is successfully applied to the determination of aliphatic carboxylic acids in a chicken droppings sample.     

Determination of uranium and thorium in complex samples using chromatographic separation, ICP-MS and spectrophotometric detection

The paper describes a research of possible application of UTEVA and TRU resins and anion exchanger AMBERLITE CG-400 in nitrate form for the isolation of uranium and thorium from natural samples. The results of determination of distribution coefficient have shown that uranium and thorium bind on TRU and UTEVA resins from the solutions of nitric and hydrochloric acids, and binding strength increases proportionally to increase the concentration of acids. Uranium and thorium bind rather strongly to TRU resin from the nitric acid in concentration ranging from 0.5 to 5 mol L⁻¹, while large quantities of other ions present in the sample do not influence on the binding strength. Due to the difference in binding strength in HCl and HNO₃ respectively, uranium and thorium can be easily separated from each other on the columns filled with TRU resin. Furthermore, thorium binds to anion exchanger in nitrate form from alcohol solutions of nitric acid very strongly, while uranium does not, so they can be easily separated. Based on these results, we have created the procedures of preconcentration and separation of uranium and thorium from the soil, drinking water and seawater samples by using TRU and UTEVA resins and strong base anion exchangers in nitrate form. In one of the procedures, uranium and thorium bind directly from the samples of drinking water and seawater on the column filled with TRU resin from 0.5 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ in a water sample. After binding, thorium is separated from uranium with 0.5 mol L⁻¹ HCl, and uranium is eluted with deionised water. By applying the described procedure, it is possible to achieve the concentration factor of over 1000 for the column filled with 1 g of resin and splashed with 2 L of the sample. Spectrophotometric determination with Arsenazo III, with this concentration factor results in detection limits below 1 μg L⁻¹ for uranium and thorium. In the second procedure, uranium and thorium are isolated from the soil samples with TRU resin, while they are separated from each other on the column filled with anion exchanger in alcohol solutions. Anion exchanger combined with alcohol solutions enables isolation of thorium from soil samples and its separation from a wide range of elements, as well as spectrophotometric determination, ICP-MS determination, and other determination techniques.     

Matrix-assisted refolding of autoprotease fusion proteins on an ion exchange column

Refolding of proteins must be performed under very dilute conditions to overcome the competing aggregation reaction, which has a high reaction order. Refolding on a chromatography column partially prevents formation of the intermediate form prone to aggregation. A chromatographic refolding procedure was developed using an autoprotease fusion protein with the mutant EDDIE from the N^pro autoprotease of pestivirus. Upon refolding, self-cleavage generates a target peptide with an authentic N-terminus. The refolding process was developed using the basic 1.8-kDa peptide sSNEVi-C fused to the autoprotease EDDIE or the acidic peptide pep6His, applying cation and anion exchange chromatography, respectively. Dissolved inclusion bodies were loaded on cation exchange chromatographic resins (Capto S, POROS HS, Fractogel EMD SO₃⁻, UNOsphere S, SP Sepharose FF, CM Sepharose FF, S Ceramic HyperD F, Toyopearl SP-650, and Toyopearl MegaCap II SP-550EC). A conditioning step was introduced in order to reduce the urea concentration prior to the refolding step. Refolding was initiated by applying an elution buffer containing a high concentration of Tris–HCl plus common refolding additives. The actual refolding process occurred concurrently with the elution step and was completed in the collected fraction. With Capto S, POROS HS, and Fractogel SO₃⁻, refolding could be performed at column loadings of 50 mg fusion protein/ml gel, resulting in a final eluate concentration of around 10–15 mg/ml, with refolding and cleavage step yields of around 75%. The overall yield of recovered peptide reached 50%. Similar yields were obtained using the anion exchange system and the pep6His fusion peptide. This chromatographic refolding process allows processing of fusion peptides at a concentration range 10- to 100-fold higher than that observed for common refolding systems.     

Matrix effects on the multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of high-precision cadmium and zinc isotope ratios

Resin-derived contaminants added to samples during column chemistry are shown to cause matrix effects that lead to inaccuracy in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurement of small natural variations in Cd and Zn isotopic compositions. These matrix effects were evaluated by comparing pure Cd and Zn standards and standards doped with bulk column blank from the anion exchange chromatography procedure. Doped standards exhibit signal enhancements (Cd, Ag, Zn and Cu), instrumental mass bias changes and inaccurate isotopic compositions relative to undoped standards, all of which are attributed to the combined presence of resin-derived organics and inorganics. The matrix effect associated with the inorganic component of the column blanks was evaluated separately by doping standards with metals at the trace levels detected in the column blanks. Mass bias effects introduced by the inorganic column blank matrix are smaller than for the bulk column blank matrix but can still lead to significant changes in ion signal intensity, instrumental mass bias and isotopic ratios. Chemical treatment with refluxed HNO₃ or HClO₄/HNO₃ removes resin-derived organic components resulting in matrix effects similar in magnitude to those associated with the inorganic component of the column blank.Mass bias correction using combined external normalization-SSB does not correct for these matrix effects because the instrumental mass biases experienced by Cd and Zn are decoupled from those of Ag and Cu, respectively. Our results demonstrate that ion exchange chromatography and associated resin-derived contaminants can be a source of error in MC-ICP-MS measurement of heavy stable element isotopic compositions.     

Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis for comparison of affinity and non-affinity based downstream processing of recombinant monoclonal antibody

Although Staphylococcus Protein A (SpA) affinity chromatography is the state of the art capture step for antibody purification, non-affinity methods are more economical. We used two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) to evaluate the purification of a recombinant IgG₁ antibody from cultured cells, with two different processes: (1) SpA capture followed by cation-exchange chromatography (CEX); and (2) CEX capture, followed by anion exchanger, then hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Efficiencies were similar in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography; however, 2-D DIGE revealed higher efficiency with SpA than with CEX capture. Thus, 2-D DIGE is a valuable tool for downstream process development.