Free-Radical Carbonylations: Then and Now

Although known since the 1950s, free-radical carbonylation has not received much attention until only recently. In the last few years the application of modern free-radical techniques has revealed the high synthetic potential of this reaction as a tool for introducing CO into organic molecules. Clearly now is the time for a renaissance of this chemistry. Under standard conditions (tributyltin hydride/CO) primary, secondary, as well as tertiary alkyl bromides and iodides can be efficiently converted into the corresponding aldehydes. Aromatic and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes can also be prepared from the parent aromatic and vinylic iodides. If the reaction is carried out in the presence of alkenes containing an electron-withdrawing substituent, the initially formed acyl radical subsequently adds to the alkene, leading to a general method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ketones. This three-component coupling reaction can be extended successfully to allyltin-mediated reactions. Thus, β,γ-enones can be prepared from organic halides, CO, and allyltributylstannanes. In a remarkable one-pot procedure alkyl halides can be treated with a mixture of alkene, allyltributylstannane, and carbon monoxide in a four-component coupling reaction that provides β-functionalized δ,?-unsaturated ketones by the formation of three new C? C bonds. The reaction of 4-pentenyl radicals with CO leads to acyl radical cyclization, which provides a useful method for the synthesis of cyclopentanones. Certain useful one-electron oxidations can be combined efficiently with free-radical carbonylations. These findings and others discussed in this article clearly demonstrate that free-radical carbonylation can now be considered a practical alternative to transition metal mediated carbonylation.     

Preconcentration and Voltammetric Study of Nicergoline at a Carbon Paste Electrode

 The electrochemical oxidation of nicergoline is investigated using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode. For the determination of nicergoline an adsorptive stripping procedure is proposed. The response is characterized with respect to pH, ionic strength, preconcentration time, accumulation potential, nicergoline concentration, reproducibility and other variables. By differential pulse voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode and pH 8.0, a linear calibration in the range 5×10⁻⁸ M to 1×10⁻⁷ M and a detection limit of 1×10⁻⁸ M are obtained. The preconcentration medium-exchange approach was used for a selective determination of nicergoline in urine. For dilute urine samples a detection limit of 5×10⁻⁸ M is obtained after 3 min of accumulation and medium-exchange. The procedure also is applied for the determination of nicergoline in dosage form. Received August 24, 1998. Revision April 8, 1999.     

Assessment of various carbon sources and nutrient feeding strategies for Panax ginseng cell culture

Ginseng (root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cells were cultivated on medium supplemented with various carbohydrates including sucrose, glucose, and fructose, at initial concentrations ranging from 10 to 110 g/L. Sucrose was shown to be the superior carbon source to the monosaccharides for ginseng cell growth and the optimal concentration was between 30 and 50 g/L. An increase in the initial concentration within this range increased the maximum cell density and growth index significantly, whereas much higher concentrations inhibited cell growth. Feeding of sucrose and some other medium components during the growth (fed-batch mode) was more effective in enhancing the cell growth and biomass productivity, increasing the growth index by more than 60–70% and biomass productivity by more than 50%.     

微波等离子体下一氧化碳氢化制乙炔反应中产物的选择性研究(英文)

采用微波等离子体技术研究了一氧化碳氢化制乙炔反应的产物选择性。对影响乙炔选择性的几个因素,如微波输入功率、反应物的比例和体系压力进行了研究。乙炔的选择性随着微波输入功率的增加,反应物比例和体系压力的降低而增大。在最佳条件下,乙炔的选择性可达到９５．８７％,甲烷选择性的变化规律和乙炔相反,乙烯和乙烷的选择性很低。等离子体中的电子温度（或能量）和密度采用了静电悬浮双探针诊断,电子密度和能量受微波输入功率和体系压力的影响。在反应中,电子能量决定化学反应是否进行,电子密度决定产物的组成。根据自由基反应理论解释了乙炔选择性在Ｈ２＋ＣＯ等离子体化学反应中随影响因素的变化规律。     

改性活性炭脱除有机硫化物的研究(英文)

考察了在使用改性活性炭脱除有机硫化物的过程中水和温度的影响。研究结果表明,水汽的存在不利于有机胺改性活性炭脱除二硫化碳;Ｋ２ＣＯ３改性活性炭用于脱除碳基硫的实验显示,在３０－６０℃的温度范围内,４０℃最适宜于脱除反应。     

重油加氢脱硫NiMo/V-Al_2O_3催化剂的失活研究

收集了工业上用于重油加氢脱硫的 Ｎｉ Ｍ ｏ／γ Ａｌ２ Ｏ３ 失活催化剂, 用超声波萃取, 超临界流体萃取（ Ｓ Ｆ Ｅ）等方法对其进行了处理, 用热重（ Ｔ Ｇ）、差热分析（ Ｄ Ｔ Ａ）、程序升温氧化质谱（ Ｔ Ｐ Ｏ Ｍ Ｓ）、扫描电镜能谱仪（ Ｓ Ｅ Ｍ  Ｅ Ｄ Ｓ）、 Ｘ 射线衍射仪（ Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ）、程序升温还原（ Ｔ Ｐ Ｒ）等方法对处理前后的催化剂进行了表征, 探讨了导致催化剂失活的主要原因． 结果表明, 积炭, 金属沉积是催化剂失活的主要原因, 经去除沉积的金属和烧炭后, 失活重油加氢催化剂的活性状态可得到恢复, 同时失活催化剂从工业反应器中的卸出方式也会对催化剂的性质产生影响．     

还原态Mo-Ni-K/C催化剂上CO加氢合成低碳混合醇

ＣＯ加氢合成低碳混合醇已成为Ｃ１化学的一个重要分支．目前用于这一过程的催化剂大都是改性的甲醇合成、ＦＴ合成或二者组合的催化剂．自从８０年代中期美国Ｄｏｗ化学品公司和联合碳化物公司首先发现ＭｏＳ２基催化剂具有优良的催化合成醇反应性能和良好的抗硫中毒能...     

从超临界二氧化碳和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an environmentally benign intermediate for organic synthesis, has been mainly synthesized through non-phosgene route of oxidative carbonylation[1]. Direct synthesis of DMC from carbon dioxide and methanol is of more significance due to atom economy. Organometallic compounds of formulae R2M(OR)2, M(OR)2 or M(OR)4[2,3] were employed as catalysts in direct synthesis of DMC, where an activation mechanism of CO2 insertion into metal-oxygen bond was supposed. Unfortunately, the yield of DMC was low even in the presence of chemical dehydrants because mainly of thermodynamic limit.     

CO加氢合成C2含氧化合物Rh-Sm/SiO2催化剂的研究

使用加压下的CO加氢反应、程序升温还原(TPR)、吸附氢的程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)以及CO和H2吸附等技术,研究了Rh-Sm/SiO2催化剂上Sm促进剂对合成二碳含氧化合物的促进效应.结果表明,Sm加入到Rh/SiO2中使催化剂的活性和二碳含氧化合物的选择性显著提高,催化剂上的Sm3+不易被还原,Sm的加入起着提高Rh分散度的作用,使催化剂上CO和H2的吸附量增大,倾向于促进乙酸和乙醛的生成.